Sir Gawain vs Beowulf Essay -- Compare, Contrast, Comparative

Although Gawain and Beowulf share many similarities, their characters are almost complete opposites. some(prenominal) aim for some sort of fame, one more than the other differing in the way they attempt to achieve this success. Gawain remains true and looks to humility to guide him, whereas Beowulf is precise prideful and selfish, loving nothing more than boasting about his virtues. Regardless, both go through tremendous changes throughout their quests, dealing with repercussions, and many challenging obstacles on the way. Initially, Gawains strongest trait is humility, Beowulfs is pride. In the beginning of Gawain and the Green Knight, a mysterious warrior enters King Arthurs court to extend a challenge. Although he knows others in the court would handle the challenge better than him, out of respect, when King Arthur attempts to accept the challenge Gawain comes forth and suggests he takes his place. Gawain presents himself as the weakest of them, I know, and the dullest-minded/ so my death would be least loss, if truth should be told/ only(prenominal) because you are my uncle am I to be praised/ no virtue I know in myself but your store (Broadview Analogy 269). Instead of bragging about his bravery, Gawain acts abjectly and states that his death would be of little loss during this challenge. He is not self-absorbed and gives off the impression that the only reason he is a knight is because of his relation with King Arthur. By stating this, he gives off the impression that his self confidence is quite weak this is awing for a character of this era. Although King Arthur has at least one of his knights to be proud of, it seems as though Gawains behaviour is not looked upon as modest by others in the court, but rather disreputable. The D... ...ash between good and evil. Beowulf is a representation of a Godly figure, possibly Christ, whereas his enemies represent figures of darkness, possibly Satan. Due to his encounter with Grendel, Beowulf realises the true abilities of Gods power and develops into a more Saint like character who is more concerned with giving help rather than Gaining fame. He seeks Gods guidance, but looks to goy ideals when he deems so. Although he never completely takes complete advantage of Gods power, he does earn the fame and glory that he fought bravely for. Gawain returns to Camelot a changed man, bearing his sins on his shoulders, whereas, Beowulf develops into a more saint like character who is more concerned with giving help than gaining fame. Gawain becomes more aware of his wrong doing, and attempts to better himself by carrying the green arm as a reminder of his sins.

Essay --

Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet, Transylvania (later known as Romania) on September 30, 1928. Elie focused on Jewish religious studies before being move to Nazi death camps in WWII. Wiesel survived he eventually began to write about his experiences in his account Night. He became an activist, orator and teacher. He spoke out against persecution and injustice. good deal should look at what Elie Wiesel and many other Jews went through just to be able to live in this world. The people living now should be appreciative of everything that is given and more.No one understands such a dreadful experience as the Holocaust without shifting in the way you were before. In Night, a memoir by Elie Wiesel, the author defines his suffering at the hands of Nazis. Taken with his family in 1944, they were directed to Auschwitz to come before the dishonorable selection. There, Elie parted from his mom and sister leaving him with his father who was too busy to spend any time with his son before the ca mp. Being under the Nazis control, Elie and his father moved to several camps. The Nazi involve deprived Elie...of the desire to live..., which murdered his God and soul and turned my dreams to dust (32).Preceding to the war, Elie lived an extremely spiritual and blameless life. Elie controlled a very strong distinctiveness in Jewish beliefs. At such a young age, Elie followed the Jewish faith with a vigor unusual for his age his father kept him grounded in a world of reason. Even as Elies freedoms vanished, he still maintained a sense of faith as a crutch. This also shows how Elie still was a child at the time, not aware that the Germans could try to eradicate an entire race. Ellie did not have an inkling of the horrors that lay before him and how they... ...ce out of the camp he Spent his days in a total idleness. And I had but one desire to eat. He no longer thought of his father or contract(107). The war left him crushed for life without any attachments to reality or sympath y for his family he had cried his last tears. Following the camp, Elie only existed as a dead body wanting basic necessities without a soul or passion. The Holocaust changed Elie from a religious child to a mindless body who lost all naturalness at age when he Was fifteen years old(96). The flames of the furnaces and the noose on the necks of fellow prisoners stole that desire from him and all the prisoners leaving empty bodies to bleed for the Nazi regime. Such horrors forced any man to abandon his passions if he wished to survive to the next day.The effect the war had on the Jews makes the claims of Holocaust deniers incredibly unintellectual and cruel.

Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein Essays -- essays research papers

Mary Shellys FrankensteinResponsibility is the key to experimentation, those lacking the maturity fail. In Mary Shellys Frankenstein, superscript Frankenstein experiments in creating life. However creating a monster, the reader finds out that captain is not mature enough to handle the responsibility of his actions. Even though Victor Frankenstein is the ecclesiastic/father of the monster, he has characteristics of a child and the monster has the maturity of an adult.When Henry Clerval arrives at Frankensteins door after his experimenting, he experiences Victors child-like actions. As Victor explains, I was unable to remain for a single instant in the same place I jumped over the chairs, clapped my hands, and laughed aloud.(36) This shows the sheer giddiness of Victor after being isolated from friends and family for months working on his experiments. Victor was immature when handling the isolation so he bottled up emotions which were let loose when the opinion of his friend arrive d. Frankenstein even mentions that his actions are child-like when he enters his home. I threw the door open forcibly, as children are accustomed to do when they expect a spectre to run in waiting for them on the other side.(37) Like a child does, victor could not control his feelings and thus acted out in an irregular mien for an adult.After Frankenstein creates the monster, his actions, also became that of a scared child. One hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped, ...

Road to Valley Forge :: essays research papers

The pathway to Valley ForgeThe book that I choose to review was The Road to Valley Forge, How Washington Built the Army that Won the Revolutionary War, written by John Buchanan. This is a book that covers the beginning of the revolutionary war in America from the era that George Washington is selected as commander-in-chief of the army, until his army enters winter quarters at Valley Forge. It encompasses the weather conditions that Washington and his army had to endure as rise as the scrutiny that Washington always seemed to be under. The scrutiny came from people in congress who believed that the war was going to be sprightly and wanted a large, decisive action fought. George Washington took control of the revolutionary army on 2 July 1775. He took over at outside of Boston, before this his experience was express to wilderness travel and soldiering. His soldiering experiences had been mainly for his home state of Virginia. The first battle that was of significance in this boo k was the Battle of Long Island. At this battle Washington and the rebel army are soundly thwarted by General Sir William Howe and the British army. After this battle was fought Howe did not follow-up the victory with quick action as the Americans retreated. It could be said that if Howe and the British would continued the attack this rebellion could have been put down right away. This will not be the first time that Howe fails to do this, and it will lead to him being replaced after in the war Sir Henry Clinton. Even though his army was thoroughly defeated Washington is able to get his troops off of Long Island back to Manhattan in the middle of the night, this will also not be the last time that Washington is able to get his 2army out of harms way. The author briefly discusses the troubles at Kips Bay and Fort Washington. The next theme that Buchanan goes into is Washingtons retreat through the state of New Jersey. The key part of this retreat is when Washington crosses the Poto mac River he collects all boats from both shores of the river. He later uses them to cross the icy Potomac to win the very important Battle of Trenton. The importance of this battle is that raised the morale of the soldiers. After this Howe decides to go into winter quarters.

Network Security Essay examples -- essays research papers

Network SecurityIn todays world, with so many ship canal to deduct unauthorized access to someones computer system, network security is very important. Almost every company has been a victim of a virus eruption, hackers, or some other form of unauthorized access to their network. In this paper, I will discuss various method actings that those who want this access use and ways they can be impedeed. Many people feel that because they use passwords their files ar secure and cant be hacked. They unknowingly leave their networks open to attack without protection thinking everything is fine. Hackers can easily get into password protected files once they have access to a computer system. One way to obstruct this is to use a firewall. A firewall prevents unauthorized users from gaining access to a system by restricting access to the entire system, not just the files on the system. Firewalls prevent access to data by using symmetric or asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses th e same password to decrypt the data that it does to encrypt the data. This method digests users to be able to share the same password to gain access to the data and make any needed changes. asymmetrical encryption is different in that there are different passwords used to encrypt the data and decrypt the data. Asymmetric is considered a little more secure as passwords dont have to be shared in order to allow someone access to the data. Each individual has his or her own password to access it. Asymmetric encryption uses public/ personal keys to encrypt/decrypt data.Public keys use the same encryption data to access the data that the data was encrypted with. Private, or secret, keys allow the originator of the data to encrypt it and not have to share his password with anyone. They can use their own private key to unlock the data. Digital certificates are certificates that are guaranteed to be authentic by a Certificate Authority. The certificate authority digitally signs the data st ating that it is authentic. An alternative to this is Public Key Infrastructure, or PKI. PKI uses private keys to certify the data is correct and authentic. PKI is a fast growing, although time consuming, method of securely transmitting data.Network security became necessary when hackers and other neer-do-wells discovered flaws, or holes, in the various layers of the OSI model that would allow... ...Site located in-theaterOff-site system replication OPSEC and low profile to prevent hostile targetingNetwork monitoring systems laid sitesBased on just the information contained in the CACI table, its obvious that Network Security is mandatory requirement for all networks. As information availableness grows, so will the need to protect it. By protecting your network from the onset, you can help prevent the problems caused by those who want unauthorized access to your network.Referenceshttp//www.certmag.com/articles/templates/cmag_feature.asp?articleid=580&zoneid=9http//www.caci.com/busi ness/ia/threats.htmlhttp//www.medword.com/MedwordStore/CSoft/encryption_white_paper.htmlhttp//www.iam.unibe.ch/mseeberg/key/theory.htmlhttp//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/46871/46871.html?Ad=1http//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/46871/46871.html?Ad=1http//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/8843/8843.htmlhttp//www.windowsecurity.com/pages/article_p.asp?id=1142http//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/15314/15314.html

Network Security Essay examples -- essays research papers

Network SecurityIn todays world, with so many ways to gain unauthorized assenting to fewones computer system, network security is very important. Almost every company has been a victim of a virus attack, hackers, or some other form of unauthorized access to their network. In this paper, I go forth discuss discordant methods that those who want this access use and ways they can be prevented. Many people feel that because they use passwords their files argon secure and cant be hacked. They unknowingly leave their networks open to attack without protection thought process everything is fine. Hackers can easily get into password protected files once they have access to a computer system. One way to prevent this is to use a firewall. A firewall prevents unauthorized users from gaining access to a system by restricting access to the entire system, not just the files on the system. Firewalls prevent access to info by using symmetric or asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses the same password to decrypt the information that it does to encrypt the data. This method allows users to be adequate to share the same password to gain access to the data and make any needed changes. Asymmetric encryption is different in that there are different passwords used to encrypt the data and decrypt the data. Asymmetric is considered a little more secure as passwords dont have to be shared in order to allow someone access to the data. Each individual has his or her own password to access it. Asymmetric encryption uses existence/private light upons to encrypt/decrypt data.Public keys use the same encryption data to access the data that the data was encrypted with. Private, or secret, keys allow the originator of the data to encrypt it and not have to share his password with anyone. They can use their own private key to unlock the data. Digital certificates are certificates that are guaranteed to be authentic by a Certificate Authority. The certificate authority digita lly signs the data stating that it is authentic. An alternative to this is Public Key Infrastructure, or PKI. PKI uses private keys to certify the data is correct and authentic. PKI is a fast growing, although time consuming, method of securely transmitting data.Network security became necessary when hackers and other neer-do-wells discovered flaws, or holes, in the various layers of the OSI model that would allow... ...Site located in-theaterOff-site system replication OPSEC and low profile to prevent hostile targetingNetwork monitoring systemsHardened sitesBased on just the information contained in the CACI table, its obvious that Network Security is mandatory requirement for all networks. As information accessibility grows, so will the need to protect it. By protecting your network from the onset, you can help prevent the problems caused by those who want unauthorized access to your network.Referenceshttp//www.certmag.com/articles/templates/cmag_feature.asp?articleid=580&zoneid= 9http//www.caci.com/business/ia/threats.htmlhttp//www.medword.com/MedwordStore/CSoft/encryption_white_paper.htmlhttp//www.iam.unibe.ch/mseeberg/key/theory.htmlhttp//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/46871/46871.html?Ad=1http//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/46871/46871.html?Ad=1http//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/8843/8843.htmlhttp//www.windowsecurity.com/pages/article_p.asp?id=1142http//www.windowsitpro.com/Article/ArticleID/15314/15314.html

Sony Marketing Plan

A Company Profile Leslie Siedlak Marketing 470 Professor Schramm February 13, 2013 Executive Summary Sony is a global manufacturer of electronics both for consumers and headmaster trades. Sonys most popular products include digital cameras, televisions, personal gaming systems, and personal computers. Sony competes with many other companies in the consumer electronics market including Samsung, LG, and Apple. Current Market accompaniment In the consumer electronics market, competition is at an all time high.With new technologies emerging constantly (3D TVs), it has cause increasingly important to be the first and most innovative companion. According to Yahoo Finance and MarketResearch. com, in 2014 the consumer electronics market is forecasted to have a value of $289. 5 billion, an annex of 14. 1% since 2009. SWOT Analysis Strengths * Founded in 1946, Sony has become one of the well-known brands in the consumer electronics market. * History of innovation. From the Walkman to th e Blu-Ray disc. * The Playstation, a home gaming system, is one of the companys most popular products on the market.The Playstation been successful since creation and still has tremendous consumer demand. According to TechCrunch. com, sales of the Playstation 3 reached over $70 million in cumulative sales since its inception in 2006. * Not solitary(prenominal) is Sony in the consumer electronics market, but it has its own recording label and Sony Pictures Entertainment, which produces television and films. Weaknesses * The high cost of media production has affected Sonys pricing strategy. As a result, the company is losing an increasing amount of money and market share. * Too much diversification.Many consumers are confused as to what Sony produces. With music labels and diversion/film studios, Sony has shifted from its core competency as a consumer electronics brand to a brand with too many forks in the fire. Opportunities * To integrate its product line, Sony can take advantag e of both its music and entertainment ventures and incorporate their gaming systems to deliver value added content. * Since Sonys acquisition of $645 million in Olympus, Sony has the opportunity to enter the healthcare industry. Olympus has a 70% global market share in endoscopes.Since Sony provides image sensors to Olympus, Sony could benefit even more by acquiring these stakes. Threats * Price competition from competitors such as Apple, LG, and Samsung * Hackers have been known to fall upon the Playstation network, which resulted in stolen customer information such as credit card numbers and addresses. Objectives Sonys objectives focus on society and reducing impact on the environment. Reducing the impact on the environment includes all parts of R&D, especially finding ways to reduce waste in product promotional material and distribution.Sony believes in full disclosure of product information and performance of the company. Marketing Strategy Sonys merchandising strategy include s invigorating a brand that was at a time so popular in the market. Creating solid customer loyalty is also a large part of the Sony marketing plan. Action Plan Sony has developed a series of slogans over the years including The One and Only, Its a Sony, and Like No Other. Currently Sonys slogan is Make. Believe. The current slogan is representative of Sonys commitment to reinvigorating the brand.It wasnt until 2009 that Sony launched its first advertisement. Sony has used several celebrities in their marketing strategy in the past. To show how real 3D looked, Sony used Peyton Manning and Justin Timberlake targeting both sports fans and music fans alike. Slogans like Sonys make consumers believe they are purchasing a product that is superior to others on the market and helps consumers to develop a deeper brand loyalty. To increase market share and awareness, Sony continues to use popular celebrities to endorse their products.From Taylor Swift to previously mentioned Justin Timber lake, Sony understands that targeting younger consumers leads to a deeper brand loyalty. Financial Projections In Quarter 2 of 2012, Sony shortened its financial forecast due to slow game sales and less than stellar sales of its new gaming system, the Playstation Vita. The original forecast was projected at 16 million units sold of both Vita and Playstation Portables worldwide. Today, Sony has cut that projection by a large amount, down to just 10 million units by inch 2013, which will result in a total financial loss of $198 million Implementation ControlsImplementation control is designed to assess whether the overall strategy should be changed in light of unfolding events and results associated with incremental steps and actions that implement the overall strategy. After the security breach if Sonys Playstation, Sony launched a Welcome Back head for the hills after countless customers private information was hacked. Sony presented customers with 4 new games to show their appr eciate for their loyalty during the hacking. Summary Analysis Sony is diversified in the market both in consumer electronics and those for professional use this leads to a tremendous opportunity for growth.Sony also focuses on a wide variety of products from cameras to gaming systems, which could lead to domination of the consumer electronics market. Sony however, is non doing very well in marketing their products to the consumer. They are too diversified in comparison to successful companies such as Apple, who stick to a fewer products in the same realm and have created tremendous customer loyalty over the years. Sony seems to be confused on what to do, whether to be in consumer electronics or marketing towards professional markets. Sony should focus on one market in order to gain profits and develop a stronger following.

Beh Final Project

Interview profile Interview profile Description of Interviewee take a crap Irina Dinova Age 26 Race Asian Marital Status Married with two pincerren Irina is a 26 years Old Russian female she is my sister- in-law, who I knew nine years ago after she married my brother. She has two children, and she works in retail as an overnight stocker. I had interviewed Irina on 11/30/2012 at 300 PM, by asking her multiple questions. The interview was as follows 1. Do you remember information accurately by observing how a look is performed or read about how the behavior is performed?Irina rather to learn from observing the behavior, she said that her behavior turned from good to bad, when she started socializing with a congregation of Indian girls at college. She observed them smoking, racketing, and even cheating on their men. As a result, Irina started smoking, drinking, and having multiple boyfriends. Now, Irina is addicted to smoking, and drinking caused by vicarious reinforcement and thos e were her Indian friends at college, who she does not socialize with now. Irina carewise shared another story which she acquire from punishment.after she had gotten married at a young age (18 years old), she had conflict with the preserve that resulted on their separation. She rented her own house along with her child, and had a strong friendship with an African American guy. Time pass and her relationship with her husband started establishing, but one(a) day she was observed by her husband in the house with her friend. The husband automatically misunderstood and misjudged Irina, as he even wanted to suicide afterwards. After the incident, the husband had been admitted into the mental hospital for attempting to suicide.After a month, she got back with the husband, and as a result of her husband forbid behavior and location toward the friendship with a man, she learned to avoid the possibility of a punishing consequence (avoidance training), by not making a friendship with a m an. In the other hand, Irina did not like the way she learned through the above experience as it lead be an unforgotten implicit memory because it had caused anxiety, embarrassment, and stress, kind of she prefers to learn through operant teach (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 2.Do you prefer studying at the library, or at home with noisy background and distraction? Irina said that she prefers learning in the library instead home with a noisy backgrounds and distraction. She mentioned that her attention is fully active while studying in a the library, which is a quiet place, but where there is a distraction, her attention drops to a lower level, as she does not remembers the material studied. Irina remembers information more accurately without any distraction that unable the information to be stored in the long term memory after rehearsed and stored by the short term memory (University of Phoenix, 2010).One thing she mentioned that she does forget some i nformation because of proactive interference. Definitely, information relate to her culture, tradition, and religion will be remembered for life (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 3. Are you willing to take the Myers Briggs test and report the results? If so, do you think the results are accurate? wherefore or why not? Irina had taken the Myers Briggs test, and her results were ESTJ (Extroverted, Sensing.Thinking, Judging), and it stated that she is very responsible and pillar of strength (University of Phoenix, 2010). Irina agreed to the results of the test and she said that she had used logic, or compensatory nonplus to make a decision on the answer that best describe her personality. Furthermore, she found the test reliable, stable and valid, and these are her second time taking it, as she took the test before in 2010 with the same results. Besides, she is always been described that way by her family and friends (Irina Dinova, personal communication, No vember 30, 2012). . What are the experiences do you think had contributed most in the harvest-tide of your personality? Irina thinks that personal unconscious of negative and positive life experiences, collective unconscious from diversity, and unconditional positive regard (University of Phoenix, 2010), by the husband had contributed the most in the growth of her personality. She also believe that her own believe of principles, and been a natural leader had contributed to the development of her personality as well.Additionally, Irina personality grew through socializing with group of people, harsh life experiences, involvement on her husbands culture, and life responsibilities, like her two children and husband (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 5. Do you feel that you are self-monitoring in regards of your attitude? Irina mentioned that she has low-self-monitors in regard (University of Phoenix, 2010) of her attitude. She said that she display sensitive co ntrols congruent with her own internal states such as attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions.She fails to control her negative attitude, and she has to respond in that particular moment or it will be very disturbance for a while (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 6. What do you feel was the strongest influence on your attitude? The strongest influence on Irinas attitude will be her parents. Irina blames her parents for her negative attitude because she was mentally and physically vilificationd while she was a child, but she refuses to abuse her children.I have to agree with Irina, when she said that punishment is a better way to rise up your children, not abuse. other strongest influence of her positive attitude will be her husband. She mentioned that her husband kindness, caress, and forgiveness had motivated her to change her life for better, by focusing more on her family, and peruse an education, by obtaining a career on arts (Irina Dinova, personal commu nication, November 30, 2012). 7. What role do you think of a persons race, gender, or ethnicity play when performing that persons personality and attitudes?Irina believes that a persons race, gender, or ethnicity play a role in forming someones personality and attitude. She said that she had never experienced prejudice and inequality until she had immigrated to the Unites States. She said that she was prejudiced and discriminated (University of Phoenix, 2010). at school, by a group of African Americans, and they called her names like Russian girl and say unpleasant words to her e. g we are not in Russia, go back to Russia, or speak English.Additionally, she was stereotype by her husband, as he said to her that her duties, as a married woman is to clean, cook, and raise the children, but she did not respect that opinion because in the U. S. culture a woman can work and be entangled in business. Thus, she believes that a persons personality and attitude solely depend on the cult ure, norms. Irinas culture differs from her husband, as they are both from distinguishable countries. Irinas husband is Algerian and has its own culture norm, values, and believe, which differ from Irina.For instance in Irinas husband culture a woman is prohibited to drink alcohol, or smoke, while in Irinas culture is verse versa. As a result, many negative attitudes formed, in both Irina and her husband, caused by culture conflicts. Another culture conflict between Irina and her husband was circumcising her baby boy. In Irinas culture, they do not circumcise, while in her husbands culture, they circumcise the child after he turns four years old, which will be a big party celebration.Irina had refused to make her husbands wish come true, which had formed a negative attitude from the situation in both Irina and her husband. She said that her husband still insisting and he will not let it go because it was something he was facial expression forward too, but Irina does not believe in circumcising, as she said that she will never allow it (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 8. Do you find yourself better at tasks when intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated? Irina said that she is definitely motivated extrinsically (University of Phoenix, 2010) better in most cases.However, she can also work on proprieties tasks without been extrinsically motivated. Conversely, in Irinas words new things get old fast, Im always searching for new motivations and thinking of new ways to accomplish my tasks. (Personal communication, 11/30/2012). She also said that she hates her job, but she extrinsically motivated because of the money that will be earned. Irina referred to when she was six years old, her parents used rewards, when she obtains an A at school, but she gets penalize when she obtains a lower grade.She said that the rewards and punishment had motivated her to always seek an A grade at school, and nothing less (Irina Dinova, personal co mmunication, November 30, 2012). In conclusion, I have to say that the interview with Irina has been such a wonderful experience. It had helped me to study and learn others behavior causes like personality and attitude, by implementing information learned passim the course materials. Irina was very patient, comfortable, open, and honest during the interview process. Therefore, I am convinced that all her answers were accurate.References University of Phoenix. (2010). Cognition and Mental Abilities. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Memory. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Motivation and Emotion. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Personality. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Social Psychology. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website

‘Resurrection Is More Likely to Be True Than Reincarnation.’ Discuss

Resurrection is more likely to be true than reincarnation. Discuss In discussing this statement, we must first define the words resurrection and reincarnation to decipher what they mean. Resurrection is the turn of rising from the dead or returning to life and reincarnation is the rebirth of a soul in a new eubstance. There are many a(prenominal) problems surrounding the two due to mainly religious beliefs. I impart be focussing mainly of the religion of Hinduism as they desire in reincarnation, and Christianity which believes in resurrection.Reincarnation is a common belief in the eastern part of the world, with Buddhism as well as Hinduism, supporting the idea of rebirth. In Hinduism each person has an necessity self which is called the Atman, and is immortal and seeks unity with God. At physical death, the Atman leaves the body and enters other at birth. The physical body is gone but the Atman remains the same. The stead of the body that the Atman re-enters is depended on whether in the previous life the person was morally good or bad, if good it will be in a higher status body, and if bad will be in a lower status body.This cycle of rebirth, birth and death is called Karma which Buddhism also follows, except they do not believe in a soul, but instead the five skandhas which are woven together and make a person attract karma. These two religions are to a great extent followed in the eastern part of the world and so on that pointfore it whitethorn be implored that because it is an accepted belief it is therefore normal to believe in much(prenominal) an idea, however in the western part of the world where religions such as Christianity are followed it is not as accepted.Some would also question the fairness of suffering in this life for something in a chivalric life which they cannot remember and that punishment doesnt have a value unless you understand what it is for it needs to be associated with something. However, Hindus would argue that ka rma is not seen as a punishment it is just bearing let out the karmic fruits and is a part of the Natural Law, and if you cant remember a past life, that is a sign of wisdom. There have been cases where reincarnation has been seen to be identified, for example by an American professor of psychiatry, Ian Stevenson.He wrote a book, Twenty cases suggestive of reincarnation, where he looked at cases where people had seen to be reincarnated from someone else in the past from India, Ceylon and Brazil. He used examples of children to make his judgement more reliable as they would not be influenced by society or money in such a way that adults might. In one case there was a boy, Imad, who talked about a family whom he used to live with, and the family had no connection to this other family at all.He gave the name of where he lived and the family name, events and people that he knew there, and could even direct them to the area of where he used to live. Stevenson later found out that a man, Ibrahim, had died there and which matched up to all the events that the man had seen. The reincarnation was not immediate but was nine historic period later. This extraordinary case gives strong belief that reincarnation is true. However philosopher pot Locke studied Stevesons book and suggests that the dead person has left behinf some psycic traces or husks and therefore has a memory of the previous life, and is therefore not reincarnated.Reincarnation completely goes against the teachings of many other religions, such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism as resurrection is the key to their religion. Without resurrection there would be no point to the religion. For Christianity, Jesus rose from the dead and ascended into heaven, so too will we come to resurrection at the end of time, when Jesus returns to the Earth. When the dead will renegade from their graves and will be called up to God to be judged and the bad will then go away to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eter nal life.Fundamentalist Christians believe exactly what the Bible says and therefore will believe that we will rise again in physical forms as Jesus did. If this is the case, it implies that after death there is some sort of space and that they take up room, so where would this be? Would it have a climate or shelter? And famously Peter Cole said if we are all physical bodies then you will have to queue to see Jesus. Hick is a more modern philosopher, who came up with the idea of the Replica Theory. Despite not believing it himself, he described it as a thought process that tackles the idea of resurrection.If John Smith disappears from one place and appears in another with exactly the same DNA, personality and physical matter, we must conclude that this is the same man, John Smith. then lets say if this happened, but instead of another earthly location, John Smith appeared in a resurrection world. It is the same man again, but in another world entirely. An issue with Hicks theory is that, how would we be recreated in the other place, and surely a replica of someone would have exactly the same bodily problems as the original person. If someone was ying for example, their replica would also be dying as it is exactly the same. But Hick also brings up the idea that we have a new resurrection body created by God that is without earthly defects. A more viable answer to resurrection that some Christians believe is that the soul is resurrected and that spiritual body will live on. The idea that the resurrected body will be forever in eternal life links in with Kants idea of the Summum Bonum which is the highest good, in heaven, and suggests that because there is terror in the world, once resurrected with God, He will make everything alright.In conclusion, reincarnation seems to be more likely to be true than resurrection due to the fact that resurrection brings out more questions than answers to it, rather than a simple concept of karma. Studies have been examined wit h reincarnation, and not in resurrection which gives more evidence for the theory of reincarnation to be true. Reincarnation may seem prominent in many peoples lives without knowing it as deja vu may be a sign of this, which I can relate to myself.

Why You Should Purchase A PC

Computers atomic number 18 capable of doing more things every year. There ar many advantages to penetrating how to use a computer, and it is important that everyone know how to use them properly. Using the information I have gathered, and my own knowledge from my 12 years of computer experience, I will explain the many advantages of owning a computer and knowing how to use a PC and I will attempt to explain why you should corrupt a computer and learn how to use one properly. Websters New World Compact Dictionary defines a computer as an electronic railway car that performs rapid, complex calculations or compiles and correlates ata (Computer. ).While this definition gives one a very narrow view of what a computer is capable of doing, it does describe the basic ideas of what I will expand upon. We have been living through an age of computers for a short while now and there are already many mickle world wide that are computer literate. According to Using Computers A Gateway to d ata World Wide Web Edition, over 250 million own(prenominal) Computers (PCs) were in use by 1995, and one reveal of every three photographic plates had a PC (Shelly, Cashman,& Waggoner, 138).Computers are easy to use when you know how they fetch and what the part re. All computers perform the four basic operations of the information processing cycle input, process, output, and storage. information, any kind of raw facts, is required for the processing cycle to occur. Data is processed into useful information by the computer hardware. Most computer systems consist of a monitor, a system unit which contains the Central Processing social unit (CPU), a floppy-disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a keyboard, a mouse, and a printer. Each component takes a part in one of the four operations.The keyboard and mouse are input devices that a person uses to enter data nto the computer. From there the data goes to the system unit where it is processed into useful information the computer discharge show and work with. Next the processed data can be sent to storage devices or to output devices. Norm whollyy output is sent to the monitor and stored on the hard-disk or to a floppy-disk located internal of the system unit. Output can also be printed out through the printer, or can be compete through the speakers as sound depending on the form it takes after it is processed.Once you have grasped a basic understanding of the basic parts and perations of a computer, you can soon discover what you can do with computers to make life easier and more enjoyable. Being computer literate allows you to use many powerful software applications and utilities to do work for school, business, or pleasure. Microsoft is the current leading producer of many of these applications and utilities. Microsoft produces software called operating systems that manage and regulate the information processing cycle.The oldest of these is MS-DOS, a single drug user system that uses typed commands to initiate tasks. Currently Microsoft has available operating systems that use visual cues such as icons to help enter data and run programs. These operating systems are ran under an environment called a Graphical User Interface (GUIs). Such operating systems include Windows 3. xx, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstation. Windows 95 is geared more for use in the home for productivity and game playing whereas Windows NT is more business orientated.The article entitled Mine, All Mine in the June 5, 1995 issue of Time stated that 8 out of 10 PCs worldwide would not be able to start or run if it were not for Microsofts operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows 95, and Windows NT (Elmer-Dewitt, 1995, p. 50). By no means has Microsoft limited itself to operating systems alone. Microsoft has also produced a software package called Microsoft Office that is very useful in creating reports, data bases, spreadsheets, demos, and other documents for school and work.Microsoft Office Introductory C oncepts and Techniques provides a detailed, step-by-step approach to the four programs included in Microsoft Office. Included in this package are Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Microsoft Word is a leger processing program hat makes creating professional looking documents such as announcements, resumes, letters, address books, and reports easy to do. Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program, has features for data organization, calculations, decision making, and graphing. It is very useful in making professional looking reports.Microsoft Access, a powerful database management system, is useful in creating and processing data in a database. Microsoft PowerPoint is .. a complete pass onation graphics program that allows you to produce professional looking presentations (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2). PowerPoint is flexible enough so that you can create electronic presentations, overhead transparencies, or even 35mm slides. Microsoft also pr oduces entertainment and reference programs. Microsofts Flight Simulator is one of the best selling PC games of all time (Elmer-Dewitt, 50).Microsofts Encarta is an electronic CD-ROM encyclopedia that makes for a fantastic alternative to 20 plus volume book encyclopedias. In fact, it is so popular, it outsells the Encyclopedia Britannica. These powerful business, productivity, and entertainment applications are just the beginning of what you an do with a PC. Knowing how to use the Internet will allow you access to a vast resource of facts, knowledge, information, and entertainment that can help you do work and have fun. According to Netscape Navigator 2 running under Windows 3. , the Internet is a collection of networks, each of which is composed of a collection of smaller networks (Shelly, Cashman, & Jordan, N2).Information can be sent over the Internet through communication lines in the form of graphics, sound, video, animation, and text. These forms of computer media are cognize as hypermedia. Hypermedia is accessed through hypertext links, which are pointers to the computer where the hypermedia is stored. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the collection of these hypertext links throughout the Internet.Each computer that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web site and has Web pages set up for users to access the hypermedia. Browsers such as Netscape allow people to surf the net and anticipate for the hypermedia of their choice. There are millions of examples of hypermedia on the Internet. You can find art, photos, information on business, the government, and colleges, video recording chedules, movie reviews, music lyrics, online currents and magazines, sport sights of all kinds, games, books, and thousands of other hypermedia on the WWW.You can send electronic mail (E-Mail), chat with other users around the world, buy airline, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a firm or a car. All of this, and more, provides one with a limitless supply of inf ormation for research, business, entertainment, or other personal use. Online services such as the States Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it even easier to access the power of the Internet. The Internet alone is al close to reason enough to become computer literate, but there is heretofore much more that computers can do.Knowing how to use a computer allows you to do a variety of things in several different ways. One of the most popular use for computers today is for playing video games. With a PC you can play card games, simulation games, sport games, strategy games, fighting games, and threaten games. Todays technology provides the ultimate experiences in color, graphics, sound, music, full motion video, animation, and 3D effects. Computers have also become increasingly useful n the music, film, and television industry.Computers can be used to compose music, create sound effects, create special effects, create 3D life-like animation, and add previous existing movie and TV fo otage into new programs, as seen in the movie Forrest Gump. All this and more can be done with computers. There is truly no time like the present to become computer literate. Computers will be doing even more things in the future and will become unavoidable. Purchasing and learning about a new PC now will help put PCs into the other two-thirds of the homes worldwide and make the transition into a computer age easier.

Cold War Impact on US Foriegn Policy

The mentality of the unwarmed War greatly affected the decisions made by the chairwomans that held the baron from 1950 to 1974. The main thought that prevailed from the buzz offning of the Cold War was containment. It was the main goal of the unite States to contain the spread of Communism whenever possible. Brinkmanship was the first major policy that was engaged by the unify States in the effort to stop the spread of Communism throughout the world.President Eisenhowers Secretary of State John Foster alter coined the term Brinkmanship, which simply give tongue to means using the military to push things to the brink of war without actually going to war. This was often used to intimidate the Soviet coupling into backing down during the early part of the Cold War era. President Kennedy would take a slightly more flexible post in terms of retaliation should an attack occur. However, it wouldnt be until President Nixon took office that the metaphorical waters in the midst of the US and the Soviet Union would begin to calm.Could Cold War Have Been Avoided?In 1957 Secretary of State John Foster Dulles considered the Associated Press in a speech known as Dynamic Peace. In this speech Secretary Dulles seems to be trying to convince the American public why they must always be vigilant to go to war counterbalance though it was not what America desired. He also explained how the Soviet Union would not want the free nations of the world to work at together to arm themselves and be willing to protect each former(a) from attack. The Soviet rulers understandably prefer that the free nations should be weak and divided, as when the men in the Kremlin stole, one by one, the independence of a dozen nations. So, at each enlargement of the area of collective defense, the Soviet rulers pour out convolute against so-called militaristic groupings. And as the free nations move to strengthen their common defense, the Soviet rulers emit threats. But we can, I think, be confident that such Soviet assaults will not disintegrate the free world.Collective measures are here to stay. . . . Dulles goes on to talk about how the greatest deterrent of war is the justificatory ability of other nations. Secretary Dulles then goes on to explain that the linked States sought the liberation of the nations under the Soviet Union not to border Russia with hostile nations but because peace cannot be achieved until all captive nations are set free. President John F. Kennedy would set the tone of his administrations stance on the Cold War and the Soviet Union during his inaugural address.He asked that the nations of the world to come together to fight the common enemies of man tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself. His address gave realistic expectations by saying that his goals might not even be achieved during his generations lifetime, but even that possible truth should not caution the unify States or the rest of the world from starting on the road toward s peace and freedom for the whole world. In June 1961 President Kennedy met with the Premier of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev.During this meeting many subjects were discussed, but the most important was Berlin. Even though he allowed himself to be bullied, President Kennedy felt he made it clear to Khrushchev that the United States was not willing to compromise on a withdrawal from Berlin. Only a few short months later East German authorities would begin to restrict the movements of people from East Berlin into West Berlin. These actions would prompt the United States to send a note to the Soviet Union protesting these actions and asking that the Soviet Union honk a stop to it before things got too far out of hand.The Soviet Unions reply stated that it supported the actions of the East German authorities because they were trying to protect themselves from western spies who were trying to undermine the Government. It goes on to talk about how the United States is well aware of these activities and is just trying to shift blessed so that the illegal activities of the West could continue. West Berlin has been transformed into a center of subversive activity diversion, and espionage, into a center of political and economic provocations against the G. D. R. , the Soviet Union, and other socialist countries.Former and present West Berlin municipal cartroaders have cynically called West Berlin an arrow in the living body of the German democratic Republic, a front city, a violator of tranquility, the cheapest atom bomb put in the center of a socialist state. All of the back and forth between the United States and the Soviet Union would come to a head a little more than a year later with the Cuban Missile Crisis. When the United States government discovered that the Soviet Union was building bases meant to house ballistic missiles President Kennedy had a choice.He could have very easily used the join as justification for an attack on the Soviet Union. But i nstead he made the choice that kept the world from World War III. instead of attacking the Soviet Union President Kennedy, on October 22, 1962, addressed the nation and the world and announced that there would be a shut off on Cuba. This block off would only turn away ships carrying weapons and not stop ships carrying the necessities that the people of Cuba would need. We are not at this time, however, denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948. On October 28, 1962 the confrontation ended with the Soviet Union agreeing to dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba. As time continued to go by both the United States and the Soviet Union were in positions where a relaxation of the tensions between them was necessary. Soviet leadership felt that the financial costs of the nuclear arms race were unsustainable. The United States was spending millions on the war in Vietnam and trying to extend the welfare state in the country.The Sovie t Union was experiencing troubles in their relationships with China, and they worried that these troubles might lead to an American-Chinese alliance. All this is, in the first place, a stab in the back for the heroic Vietnamese people in their struggle against the American aggressors, Imperialist circles full approve of this line of Mao Tse-tungs group. The Washington Post has said that officials in Washington believe that Mao is serving American interests and they are therefore even thinking of cultivating Maoism as a means of bringing pressure to bear on Moscow.The magazine United States News and World Report has directly stated in this connection that the United States is gambling oil Mao and that American officials tend to prefer a victory for Mao Tse-tung in his struggle to suppress more nioderate elements, because that would mean more trouble for Soviet Russia. During President Richard Nixons administration the first steps towards Detente began. The most important part of th is was the SALT I treaty of 1972. The conditions of Detente allowed for mutual cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union.In fact one of the basic principles of relations between the Soviet Union and the United States was that the two nations work together especially in the areas of science and technology. In July of 1975 the United States and the USSR would work together on the Apollo-Soyuz project. Even though the idea of containment was the driving advertize behind many of the decisions made by US presidents during the Cold War, each President had their own ideas on how best to achieve that containment.For President Eisenhower the best strategy was Brinkmanship, while President Kennedy took a slightly more flexible approach. Had Kennedy followed the lines of Brinkmanship the Cuban Missile Crisis would most likely have been the start of World War III. President Nixon, due to the changing world and economic climate was able to reach at least some neutral ground w ith the Soviet Union. The relaxation of tensions in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped to bring about the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s.

Crowded Coasts Essay

Using named examples, describe how physical and economic work outs cast off lead to crowded marges? The area around the coast whitethorn have a better climate than inland for jobs. For example, in Australia, rainfall is much greater nearer the coast and so most of the farmland is indoors 300-400km of the coastline. The ability to earn a living through farming means more than people would move to the coast as it will fabricate a higher crop yield and ultimately and greater profit. Recent droughts in inland Australia makes the coast the best place to farm. The coast may also have valuable resources that would bring people because of job opportunities or goods. The sea can give food from the fish and promote fishermen, the sand could be used to create glass and there might be some valuable resources such as coal, oil or natural gas which could attract people as there would need to be multiple workers. So, the more resources are found on the coast, the more jobs are needed to fill them and so people who may be in unemployment inland will see this and move to the coast.The climate on the coast also lead to crowded coasts as the climate is commonly better than inland or in other areas. An example is Costa Rica in Spain where people move due to the Mediterranean and which is also a factor in why many ex-pats live in the South of Spain to set about away from the British weather. The climate might be cooler and so more comfortable living and working conditions such as Australia or the moderate temperatures all year around (Dorset is the 2nd sunniest and have very few long time of snow and frost). The environment would also appeal to people who have been living in densely populated cities as there is a high niggardness of ecosystems and so this would appeal to non just the people living there except provides income through tourism and so more people would go to the coast for jobs. Jobs could include working at hotels on the coast or through giving diving tou rs of coral reefs.Eventually, more people would move to the coast for these jobs make it more crowded but also from the tourists who visit the area. The transport links in the coastal areas means people have the ability to live on the coast but also can commute to a city if needed. The transport links would encourage urban growth as a primary(prenominal) port on the coast would bring employment. The extra transport also means tourism can thrive as people can get on a train/airplane and get to the destination quickly.An example is Bournemouth which is a large tourist area and has a station located not too far from the coast but also a small airport for local flights so people around the country can go to Bournemouth as a tourist. The cost of living could also be cheaper if you are living in smaller coastal towns and so could be appealing for puppylike families who are short of income. This is the case for Spains Costa geriatric and Australia. However, once more people move in the house prices will increase but if its only a small town then more people will become interested but the house prices will flummox relatively low.

Increasing Physical Activity In Adults Health And Social Care Essay

somatogenetic therapy is a masterfession that provides the best affirmable attention to all people irrespective of socioeconomic stick ( SES ) . Volunteering at St. Cl argon s Mission in La Crosse, Wisconsin ( a corporal therapy resource for those unable to afford traditional health attention services ) has assumption us a first-hand glance of the demand for health c atomic number 18 services for people of embarrassed SES. The attention provided at this clinic was the best possible with the resources available, nevertheless the volume of attention was non touch to manage the high demand for services. After speaking with aged(prenominal) pupils who tolerate initiated an exerci babble visualize at the local redemption soldiery in La Crosse, Wisconsin, and join forcesing with module who have helped ease schemes for people of starting time SES, it is app arent that a high demand exists for giveinging knowledge and corporal attention for this population. The intent of our public health enterprise is to set up a primary and secondary bar protrude which improves overall wellness by change magnitude somatogenic body process in mortals of demoralize SES in the La Crosse country.Role of the Physical TherapistPrimary and Secondary PreventionThe Guide to Physical Therapist Practice provinces that sensible therapy attention consists of primary, secondary, and third dispense.1 Our wellness enterprise forget concentrate on primary and secondary attention. Primary bar is defined as the bar of a illness in populations that are at suppose for the pathological development.1 The Guide to Physical Therapy Practice recommends enterprises, wellness publicity, and instruction as a few ways in which this can be completed.1 health showings, biomechanical appraisals, and educational workshops are merely a few ways that physical healers can educate the populace on the factors of disease lay on the line, and what they can assoil to swear out forestall d isease. As physical therapy pupils, we invent on prosecuting in primary bar by utilizing our cognition of physical natural process, workout prescription, biomechanics, and physiology to educate and inculcate at hazard swelleds so they can diminish their opportunities of developing a pathology.Secondary bar is defined as helping those who suffer from a pathology by cut downing the continuance and badness of their symptoms and instigateing to forestall any farther complications.1 While these populations provide non be specifically recruited, it is promising that we leave be leadal with participants at the redemption the States who have preexistent conditions. The Salvation host provides services for people enduring from diseases related to physical inaction much(prenominal) as type II diabetes, coronary arteria disease, chest malignant neoplastic disease and obesity.2 We plan on increasing physical act in these persons to assist cut down the badness of these diseases. Secondary bar can besides be enforced for individuals who have conditions such as pre-diabetes and pre-hypertension, as they would besides benefit from an aerophilic fittingness plan. Through maintaining and educating the participants in our plan, we will turn to these populations and aid to forestall new disease development, and diminish the badness of bing diseases utilizing a bi-weekly recitation plan. We will besides pattern secondary bar by placing wellness issues by our showing tools, and mentioning them to the proper topographic point such as St. Clare s Health Mission.SubjectBrief Overview of the ProblemPhysical inaction is an increasing tendency in the United States. It has been associated with a reduced quality of life all potato chip good as an change magnitude prevalence of several diseases.3 These diseases can potentially be avoided with annex aerophilic use and the turning away of other hazard factors. behavioral hazard factors such as physical inaction, hapl ess regimen, smoke, and inordinate take up are the prima causes of stifle in the United States.4 It is our hope as physical therapy pupils that by resolveing physical inaction, hotshot constituent of these behavioral hazard factors that is inwardly our range of pattern, we can get down to cut down the negative impact it is guardianship on the familiar population.How the authorities is supervisingSeveral studies are utilized at a national degree to roll up informations related to physical action at law. The Center for distemper Control has been implemental in roll uping this information through the wont of the subject Health Interview Survey, Health Related Quality of Life Survey, and Chronic Disease index Survey among others. The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion is another advocate for the aggregation of informations sing wellness hazard deportments and check attention patterns. It consists of nine divisions working towards betteri ng wellness by forestalling chronic diseases and their hazard factors.5 These studies produce comparative statistics of assorted wellness hazard factors such as BMI, yearss of physical legal action per hebdomad, SES, geographical location, and age pigeonholings. The corporate conclusions from these surveies suggest that a big proportion of the American populace does non get sufficient physical activity for wellness benefits.Healthiest Wisconsin 2020 is the province wellness plan which requires the Wisconsin plane section of Health Services to build a public wellness docket for the province every 10 years.6 One of the focal points of this program is to supervise and describe advancement in accomplishing the ends and aims as outlined by the execution program of Healthiest Wisconsin 2020. Telephone administered and mailed studies are the primary manners of rating. For illustration, these studies were used to place people who have a BMI of & gt 30 among cardinal groups ( age 15-1 8, 19 and or older ) . These groups were so followed amid the old ages of 2000 and 2007 to distinguish physical activity levels.4 Information on physical activity was collected from the undermentioned beginnings Wisconsin Behavioral Risk actor Surveillance System, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Wisconsin Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction.PT s Role in Increasing Physical actionThe Guide to Physical Therapy Practice provinces that physical healers are qualified to help and learn a community inaugural plan turn toing increasing aerophilic physical activity in the grownup population.1 Exercise prescription and direction falls within the range of pattern for physical healers It is our duty to advance physical activity in appropriate populations given the copiousness of grounds for its hold in.1 By implementing a community plan that targets sedentary grownups of low SES, we are supplying primary and secondary bar for hazards such as diabetes, bosom disease, and high blood force per unit area.Background and RationaleHappening of Physical InactivityThe rate of inaction in America is dis whitethorning with 52 % of the population non even sing 30 proceedingss of stop physical activity a day.7 Further much, 23.9 % of Americans reported that they had non engaged in physical activity during the last month.8 Physical inaction tends to be more prevailing in the southern United States nevertheless degrees of physical inaction are unsatisfactory in northern United States every bit good. In Wisconsin entirely, 22.7 % of occupants considers themselves to be in hapless or just wellness, with 17.4 % of WI occupants describing limited activity due in portion to physical problems.4 Upwards of 24 % of the province did non replete part in leisure-time physical activity of any sort during the twelvemonth 2010.8 At a local degree, 19.3 % of La Crosse county occupants were reported as world physically inactive, comparing to 16, 110 occupants as of 2008.9 This suggests that greater than 80 % of La Crosse county occupants reported themselves as physically active, nevertheless, this does non intend that they are run intoing the ACSM guidelines for moderate activity degree that are recommended for disease hazard reduction.3 It is clear that physical inaction is an increasing tendency, and although people may see themselves as active, they may non be run intoing sufficient activity degrees to diminish disease hazard.MortalityPatel et Al. found that females who spent longer than six hours sitting per twenty-four hours had a comparative hazard for all-cause mortality of 1.37 ( 1 decease per 74 person-years ) , whereas males in the same class had a comparative hazard ( RR ) of 1.18 ( 1 decease per 45 person-years ) . Females and males who spent between nothing and three hours per twenty-four hours sitting each had a RR for all-cause mortality of 1.00 ( Females 1 decease per one hundred fifty person-years Males 1 decease per 74 person-years ) . This same survey assessed physical activity degree in MET-hours/week and its influence on all-cause mortality rate. Females and males who performed less than 17.5 MET-hours/week of exercising each had a RR for all-cause mortality of 1.00 ( Females 1 decease per 93 person-years Males 1 decease per 53 person-years ) . Females who performed 31.5-42 MET-hours/week of exercising had a RR of.78 ( 1 decease per 123 person-years ) , while males in this class had a RR of.88 ( 1 decease per 58 individual old ages ) .10 The findings of this article imply that longer squeeze spent sitting each twenty-four hours resulted in a higher(prenominal) casualty of mortality for both(prenominal) males and females. Furthermore, higher degrees of physical activity per hebdomad were associated with a lower mortality rate for both genders.ImpactConsequences of Physical InactivityPhysical inaction has been cogitate to a figure of pathologies such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus type 2, osteoporosis11, cardiovascular/respiratory diseases12, and bosom attacks.3 In add-on, low degrees of physical activity were gibe with negative physiological effects such as cast upd organic structure weight, organic structure mass index ( BMI ) , waist-to-hip ratio, cholesterin degrees in work forces, and a lessening in insulin levels.13 The happening of these effects is lower in more active populations, hence physical activity is prescribed as a preventive step for diminishing mortality, morbidity, and the hazard of disease acquisition.3,12 For this ground, activity degree criterions were developed by the American College of Sports Medicine ( ACSM ) which aim to steer physical activity programs.3At the national degree wellness and health has been pushed to the head due to healthcare reform, and it is frequently hindered by a deficiency of physical activity and hapless diet. The increasing prevalence of fleshiness in the United States has been linked in p ortion to these same factors. In 2010, 35.7 % of American citizens were considered obese.14 Fortunately, important lessenings in organic structure fat have occurred through diet and moderate exercising in comparing to other weight loss techniques.12 The province of WI has done ill in this respect, with 22.9 % of occupants prosecuting in no leisure clip physical activity.6 Furthermore, persons who reported small to no aerophilic exercising or greater clip between everyday medical screen had increased likelihood of holding 14 or more unhealthy yearss per year.15 It is reported that these persons rate themselves as holding hapless wellness compared to those who exercised and had regular wellness screenings.15 These statistics overpoweringly support the demand to convert those with a sedentary life styles to increase their physical activity degrees to better their wellness and prevent negative effects.Hazard Factors and Determinants for Physical InactivityNon-modifiable Hazard FactorsTh ere are several determiners and hazard factors that are associated with physical activity in grownups. Non-modifiable hazard factors include gender, age, ethnicity, and instruction degree. Gender and age are the two most arranged demographic ( non-modifiable ) correlatives of physical activity behaviour in enceintes.16 In footings of gender, work forces ( 52.1 % ) are more likely than adult females ( 42.6 % ) to run into the 2008 Physical Activity signpost for aerophilic activity.4 This may be due to traditional gender functions where adult females have less free clip to exert due to their caretaking function within the household. Younger grownups are more likely to run into the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for aerophilic activity than older grownups. This disagreement may be due to the jr. grownup population holding fewer co-morbidities. Harmonizing to the Center for Disease Control, more non-Hispanic white grownups ( 22.8 % ) meet the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for aerophilic and muscle- change activity than non-Hispanic black grownups ( 17.3 % ) and Hispanic grownups ( 14.4 % ) .8 Although there are multiple grounds for this, one may be due to differences in degree of income between the ethnicities which determine physical activity chances every bit good as the sum of available leisure clip for exercising. Finally, grownups with more instruction are more likely to run into the 2008 Physical Activity Guideline for aerophilic activity than grownups with less education.3Modifiable Hazard FactorsThe list of modifiable hazard factors associated with physical activity in grownups is much more extended than non-modifiable hazard factors. These hazard factors, which negatively influence physical activity in grownups, include low SES, hapless self-efficacy, low degrees of instruction, being overweight, and decreased social support.2Socioeconomic position and perceived self-efficacy demonstrated the strongest and most consistent associations with phys ical activity behavior.2,17,18,19 A deficiency of fiscal stableness has been linked to reduced physical activity, every bit good as more unhealthy weight control.20 The Center for Disease Control suggests that grownups whose household income is above the poorness degree are more likely to run into the 2008 Physical Activity Guideline for aerophilic activity than grownups whose household income is at or near the poorness level.8 It has besides been determined that adult females of lower SES perform importantly lower ( p & lt .0001 ) sums of physical activity per hebdomad than those of higher SES. Interestingly, work forces of both lower and higher SES puzzle part in the same sum of physical activity per hebdomad, nevertheless those of higher SES performed significantly more leisure clip physical activity.17Self-efficacy for physical activity is described as a individual s assurance in his or her ability to be physically active. Oman and King looked at the influence of self-efficacy perceptual experiences in a age bracket of healthy sedentary work forces and adult females between the ages of 50 and 64, and found that among those take parting in a supervised home-based activity plan, service line self-efficacy perceptual experiences significantly predicted exercising attachment after a two twelvemonth follow-up.18 In a meta-analysis conducted by Haggar et al. , it was concluded that the attitudes about behaviour and self-efficacy were finding factors of whether or non an person will take part in physical activity lower self-efficacy is the biggest forecaster in non take parting in physical activity.19In footings of instruction, grownups with high school school instruction were about i?ve times less likely to take part in physical activity as those with a college instruction. Among individuals older than 44 old ages, the lowest educated group was about 2.5 times more likely to be sedentary than individuals who had i?nished higher vocational schooling or univers ity.21Obesity is another modifiable hazard factor that has been systematically correlated with a deficiency of physical activity.10 A deficiency of activity or a sedentary life style has been shown to be one of the cardinal subscribers to the development of fleshiness when all other fuddle factors are controlled. Patel et Al. found that those passing more clip sitting had an increased hazard for the development of fleshiness every bit good as an increased hazard of mortality.10Low social support has systematically emerged as an of import negative correlative with physical activity. Leslie et Al found that people describing low degrees of societal support from household or friends were 23-55 % more likely to be less active than were those with high degrees of support.23 The U.S. Women s Determinants Study found that adult females with high degrees of societal support for physical activity were about twice every bit likely to be active at least 30 proceedingss on tail fin or more y earss a hebdomad than adult females with low degrees of societal support.24 Booth et Al. found that holding friends who participated on a regular basis in physical activity and holding a safe topographic point to exert were significantly associated with regular physical activity.25 King et Al. found that often signal detection others exercising was positively associated with physical activity participation.26 By implementing schemes which target the modifiable hazard factors listed above, which will assist better physical activity degrees in these persons.InterventionsLiterature ReviewA organic reappraisal of the literature was done to find the most effectual intercession schemes for increasing physical activity, and cut downing wellness related hazard factors among grownups of low SES. The hunt yielded a figure of relevant articles for intercessions to increase physical activity including the usage of laic person-led aerophilic exercising plans, the usage of feedback to arouse r evisals in behaviour, increasing the participants self-efficacy, usage of function theoretical accounts, patient instruction and obstacle elimination.27,28 Lamb et Al. found that volunteer-led walking groups resulted in a higher proportion of participants than a group that received exercise advice.29 A survey mensurating alterations in self-reported exercising behaviour found that the group having exercising advice and direction had a higher figure of topics describing 150 proceedingss of activity than a walking group and advice merely group.30 Hagger et Al. found that people s attitudes, perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy are cardinal influences in organizing purposes to take part in physical activity.19 entrance Appendix Literature Review MatrixIn order to use these schemes we will be taking a multi-faceted attack which aims to integrate each method throughout the plan. Our plan will be an instructor-led exercising plan with an accent on educating the patients on exercising, and learning them an easy-to-learn plan that they can execute on their ain to heighten self-efficacy. By using the Salvation Army of La Crosse, we will extinguish a important barrier for people of low SES by supplying a free exercising installation.Application of Learning TheorySocial Cognitive Theory and Self-EfficacyThe Social Cognitive Theory is a behavioural alteration theory which focuses on self-efficacy, or the belief in oneself to execute a undertaking. This theory serves as the model about which we are structuring our plan ( See Appendix Application of Theory to Practice ) . The Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes self-efficacy every bit good as the personal and environmental barriers that limit alteration. Its stem is centered around the thought that persons must hold assurance that they can successfully execute a undertaking in order for behavior alteration to occur.28 In add-on to self-efficacy, the person must value the alteration that is being made before they invest themselves to the full in the task.28 Incentivizing the undertaking is one method that can be used to top out the topics involvement in finishing the task.28Improved self-efficacy has been shown to decrease the perceptual experience of one s disease badness or disability.31 Therefore, if self-efficacy can be improved, the perceptual experience of one s disablement may besides be improved. Improved self-efficacy has besides been linked to successful behaviour alteration, and multiple schemes to heighten self-efficacy can be found in the literature. One scheme for bettering self-efficacy is public presentation attainment, which is the act of accomplishing proficiency with a undertaking through engagement and experience with the undertaking. Application of this scheme suggests that failures should be viewed as larning experiences.32 Vicarious experience is another agency of bettering self-efficacy which entails detecting another person who is exhibiting the coveted behaviou r that the topic is working towards.32 This provides the scholar with assurance that the coveted alteration can happen, while besides supplying a safe environment in which to larn. Verbal persuasion is a scheme that focuses on a trusty unity educating the topic in order to increase their apprehension of the behaviour that they exhibit.32Trusting the beginning of information, with regard to skill and expertness, has a important influence on self-efficacy. Another method for heightening self-efficacy is the usage of physiological feedback.32 Raising the participants consciousness to both positive and negative effects associated with behavior alteration allows them to better prepare for engagement, and it has besides been shown to better self-efficacy.32Enhancing self-efficacy has been shown to rush behavior alteration. We have the possible to arouse such alterations by implementing these schemes in our community health undertaking. We will turn to public presentation attainment by te aching the topics in each facet of our exercising plan, which will let them to derive assurance in those activities. We will utilize reverting exercising plan members every bit good as ourselves to supply participants with a theoretical account of proper exercising behaviour in order to implement the vicarious experience scheme. Patient instruction will function as verbal persuasion, and we will besides use educational booklets to convert the participants of the plan s importance. Last, each of us will be resources to supply single feedback to participants and educate them on what they can anticipate throughout the plan so that they can mentally fix for behavioural alteration.The Social Cognitive Theory has been successfully applied to healthcare every bit good as exercising behavior.33 It can be straight applied to our plan to help the participants in neutering their behaviour and to give us a model with which to steer that alteration.Project Justification & A AimsProblem Stateme ntPhysical inaction is an increasing tendency in the United States which has been associated with a reduced quality of life every bit good as an increased prevalence of a figure of diseases.3 These diseases can potentially be avoided with increased aerophilic exercising and the turning away of other behavioural hazard factors. Behavioral hazard factors such as physical inaction, hapless diet, smoke, and inordinate imbibing are the prima causes of decease in the United States.4 It is our hope that by aiming physical inaction, we can cut down the negative impact it is holding on the general population.Specific Community NeedsPhysical inaction degrees are alarmingly high at both the province and local degrees. Upwards of 24 % of Wisconsin occupants did non take part in leisure-time physical activity of any sort during the twelvemonth 2010.8 Locally, 19.3 % of La Crosse county occupants were reported to be physically inactive, comparing to a sum of 16,110 occupants as of 2008.9Negative Consequences if Nothing is DoneIt is seeming(a) that grownups of low SES have become a ignored population in our health care system. The federal authorities has proposed policies that strive to do health care accessible to the this population, nevertheless these policies would non take action until 2014 at the earliest, if ever.34 Based on our current health care it can merely be assumed that grownups of low SES will go on to be denied wellness attention based on their inability to pay for services. Unfortunately, this creates a form in which grownups with low SES have the poorest wellness position and yet have the least entree to healthcare.35 Due to the length of clip it takes for federal action to happen, community enterprises like ours may assist extenuate some wellness attention defects. On a local degree, low-cost and accessible wellness attention selections need to be accessible on a primary, secondary, and third degree. Adults of low SES demand to be able to seek intervent ion for active pathologies, every bit good as have resources and instruction that will assist them avoid pathological conditions to better their quality of life. If wellness enterprises like ours are non established, the low SES will go on to be at hazard for physical inaction and the myriad of diseases associated with this.Introduction to Our UndertakingThe intent of our plan is to supply an accessible primary and secondary bar wellness option to grownups of low SES who reside in the La Crosse country, with the primary end of increasing physical activity through wellness instruction and exercising direction. In treaty with Healthy tribe 2020, this plan s intent is to increase the proportion of persons who engage in aerobic and beef uping exercisings in sufficient measure to accomplish wellness benefits by set uping a physical activity plan that was accessible to people of low SES of the La Crosse country. Another intent of this plan is to increase the figure of community-based or ganisations supplying population-based primary bar services for physical activity. These aims are outlined in Healthy People 2020 objectives PA-2.1, PA-2.3, and ECBP 10.9 ( See Appendix Healthy People 2020 ) .This plan will put a strong accent on self-efficacy, increasing the sum of physical activity participants engage in per hebdomad, and bettering outcome outlooks. To find the effectivity of our plan, three primary aims were established foremost, to increase the self-efficacy of grownups of low SES, 2nd to increase volume of physical activity in grownups of low SES, and 3rd to increase expected results of take parting in physical activity. The secondary aim of our plan is to increase the likeliness of this population to go on to be physically active by developing a program for sustainability. This plan will turn to the Healthy People 2020 aims outlined by supplying a bi-weekly exercising plan with focal points on wellness instruction and direction on aerophilic and strengthening exercisings for people of low SES.Objective 1Our first aim is to increase self-efficacy in persons with low SES a population that has been identified as holding low self-efficacy.18 In this scene, self-efficacy is described as a individual s assurance in his or her ability to successfully be physically active. Low self-efficacy has been identified as being a barrier for persons who desire behavior change.28 It has been reported that if participants do non believe that they can successfully carry through the alteration in behaviour, they will non try to change.28 Oman and King researched the influence of self-efficacy perceptual experiences in a cohort of healthy sedentary work forces and adult females between the ages of 50 and 64, and found that among those take parting in a supervised home-based activity plan, baseline self-efficacy perceptual experiences significantly predicted exercising attachment after a two twelvemonth follow-up.18 As physical therapy pupils, educating seden tary patients on non merely the benefits of exercising, but how to exert may take to increased degrees of self-efficacy and physical activity in our patients.In this plan, we will value exercising related self-efficacy before and after engagement in an teacher led physical activity plan. Self-efficacy will be measured utilizing the Barriers to Self-Efficacy Scale. It was ab initio developed for outpatient exercising plans, and has demonstrated dependability ( alpha coefficient =0.93 ) and cogency ( efficacy outlooks significantly correlated with existent engagement in exercising plans ) for sedentary adults.36 It will let us to obtain self-efficacy informations at baseline and upon completion of the exercising plan to find the effectivity of our schemes.Objective 2The 2nd aim of our plan is to increase the volume of physical activity of the participants through a group based physical activity plan. The ACSM criterions for the sum of activity grownups need to take part in to see imp roved cardiovascular and aerophilic wellness is 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours of moderate activity on 5 or more yearss a week.2,3 By supplying a free exercising plan two times a hebdomad, participants will hold an chance to increase their volume of physical activity. They will besides larn successful schemes to exert independently outside of our plan to let them to carry through the ACSM criterions. To help in increasing conformity to our bi-weekly plan, a societal support constituent will be addressed by holding a group exercising category consisting of frequenters of the Salvation Army. This will let the participants to exert with familiar people which may ease engagement. Social support has systematically emerged as an of import positive correlative with physical activity. Leslie et Al. determined that people describing low degrees of societal support from household or friends were 23-55 % more likely to be less active than were those with high degrees of support.23Social s upport and instruction may non be sufficient to accomplish the coveted sum of physical activity in the transeunt population at the Salvation Army, so a 3rd scheme will be employed to better plan attending will incentives for plan engagement such as a free jersey awarded to those who engage in 50 % , or 10 of the Sessionss. It has been found that supplying inducements to exert increased exercising plan attending in the short term and led to greater care of that activity over a period of two years.22 The combination of instruction, societal support and inducements will increase attachment to the plan, and therefore, increase the sum of participant s physical activity per hebdomad.The sum of increased activity per hebdomad by participants will be measured at baseline and at completion of the plan utilizing the Physical Activity Scale ( PAS 2 ) . This outstrip measures the participants day-to-day physical activity while at work, and during leisure clip and has been shown to be valid i n an grownup population.37 To find cogency, the PAS 2 was compared to the PAS 1 and a strong positive correlativity ( r= .95, P & lt 0.0001 ) was found between PAS 1 and PAS 2 scores.37 The PAS 2 has been found to be more valid than the PAS 1, which may hold overestimated physical activity. For this ground, the PAS 2 will be used to measure alteration in exercising volume and wonts over the class of the plan.Objective 3Our 3rd aim is to increase expected physical activity results in our mark population. Physical result outlooks reflect beliefs about pleasant and aversive physical experiences ensuing from appointment in physical activity.38 The Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale ( MOEES ) is a patient completed questionnaire measuring physical activity, self-efficacy, and wellness position. Wojcicki et Al found that being more active was significantly correlated with stronger physical result outlook tonss on the MOEES in both middle-aged and older grownups. Th e graduated table s dependability and cogency allows us to better understand and predict physical activity behaviour in adults.38 Wojcicki et Al. found that increased activity was significantly correlated with stronger physical ( r = .21, P & lt .001 ) and self-evaluative ( r = .20, P & lt .001 ) but non societal result outlooks ( R = .02, P = N ) . Higher self-efficacy was besides found to be significantly associated with physical ( r = .22, P & lt .001 ) , self-evaluative ( r = .26, P & lt .001 ) , and societal result outlooks ( R = .17, P & lt .001 ) .38Secondary AimThe secondary aim for this plan is to develop a program that is sustainable and can be implemented by persons with lesser sums of preparation than a physical therapy pupil. Previous exercising plan supervisors of the Salvation Army have suggested that an exercising plan manual of arms be created to supply a construction for future plans to heighten sustainability. We created an exercising manual with exposures, e xercising forms, and stretches from our plan. A manual of this kind will be a sufficient resource for a replacement to understand and administrate. See Appendix Workout ManualTo assist mensurate the sustainability of our exercising plan, we will roll up informations utilizing a likert graduated table to measure participant satisfaction and likeliness of engagement in the hereafter. In add-on, we will give a study to find what the participants liked or disliked about the plan.Undertaking ExecutionCommunity PartnerWe plan to work with the Salvation Army of La Crosse, Wisconsin to supply an exercising plan for persons of low SES. The Salvation Army provides repasts, shelter, occupation chances, and several other services for those in demand. Partnering with the Salvation Army will let us to utilize an accessible installation with a secondary school for our exercising category. It will besides assist us derive entree to the persons of low socioeconomic position who utilize the Salvation Army. See Appendix Salvation Army of La Crosse Contact InformationTarget GroupOur mark group will dwell of grownup occupants and frequenters of the Salvation Army every bit good as any other community members who wish to take part in our plan. We will enroll participants by traveling to the Salvation Army in January 2013 to speak to the frequenters about our exercising plan to get down edifice involvement. Once we begin our plan we will eat repasts with the persons at the Salvation Army to acquire to cognize them and to get down constructing resonance to ease enlisting. We besides have arranged to work unitedly with a Viterbo Nursing Program enterprise at the Salvation Army to help in advancing our plan. Finally, we will go to the Salvation Army s compulsory hebdomadal occupation in-service meeting for its frequenters to educate and enroll participants for the plan. If these methods are unsuccessful, we will advance our exercising plan through the usage of circulars at pro bono cl inics in the country, such as St. Clare s Health Mission, in order to enroll persons of low SES for our exercising plan. See Appendix Health and Wellness BrochureIncentivesWe plan to utilize free jerseies as an inducement to take part for our plan. Incentive-based wellness publicities plans have been shown to increase fitness-related activities over time.22 Participants in our plan who attend 50 % or more of our categories over the 10-week continuance of our plan will have a free jersey. The cost of 25 jerseies is about $ 250. We will seek any possible contributions or price reductions on the jerseies by informing the provider of our intended usage for the shirts. We will besides be inquiring for contributions on day-to-day usage points ( shampoo, deodourant, socks, etc. ) from local concerns such as Wal-mart and K-mart to utilize as inducements throughout our plan.Activity PlanWe plan to get at the Salvation Army on Monday February 4, 2013 at 430 p.m. to get down speaking with the frequenters about our plan. We will eat dinner from 430 p.m. to 510 p.m. and recruit participants for our plan through conversation. We will clean up the multi-purpose from 510 p.m. to 515p.m. Our exercising plan will run from 520 p.m. to 605 p.m. with clean-up from 605 p.m. to 615 p.m. This consequences in a sum of 1 hr and 45 of face clip for each category and 3.5 entire hours per hebdomad. Over the class of the 10 hebdomad plan we will hold completed 35 hours of face clip at the Salvation Army ( See Appendix Salvation Army Activity Plan Schedule ) . Our end is to make an exercising manual that is comparatively easy to learn and execute so that voluntaries at the Salvation Army can run the plan with comparative easiness. Besides, by making a exercise manual with one modus operandi of exercisings, the participants can larn and execute the exercisings outside of the Salvation Army one time they no longer use the services of the Salvation Army.Our exercising plan will dwell of both a erophilic and strengthening constituents. The strength and aerophilic parts of our plan will dwell of 30 proceedingss of theraband, organic structure weight opposition, and assorted exercisings aiming the whole organic structure. Both constituents of the plan will dwell of exercisings that can be easy progressed or regressed to run into the assorted degrees of fittingness of our participants. We will get down our exercising plan with a 5 minute warm up of walking and dynamic stretch, and will reason with a 10 minute cool down of walking and stretchingResource Plan & A BudgetThe Salvation Army allows us to utilize a installation that is free of cost to us and the participants of our plan. As antecedently mentioned, we will utilize jerseies and day-to-day necessities as inducements. Cost of these and other possible supplies for our plan are listed in the tabular array below.ItemCostJerseies$ 250Daily necessity ItemsContributionsCleaning supplies ( perchance )$ 20Plants CitedAmerican Physical Therapy Association. Guide to Physical Therapist Practice 2nd Edition. APTA Alexandria, VA 2003.Topic and Objectives Index- Physical Activity. US Department of Health and Human Services. Available athypertext communicate protocol //www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx. Accessed Sep 17, 2012.Thompson W, Gordon N, Pescatello L, eds. 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