Cause and effect diagram

take a shit and government issue diagramWhat is a Cause-and-Effect draw?A spring motion diagram is a simple precisely very effective tool that helps to divulge, pick out, and flourish potential or literal causes of a particular riddle or quality attribute. It send packing in like manner be used to graphic whollyy illustrate the relationship in the midst of a given outcome and all the factors that influence the outcome. Because of its function of relating causes to their effect, it is referred to as acause-and-effect diagram. It is besides called afishbone diagrambecause the design of the diagram looks much like the skeleton of a fish. It is alike known asIshikawa diagrambecause it was invented by Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-1989), a Japanese consultant, and father of the scientific outline of causes of lines in industrial put to practicees. He first used this diagram in 1943 at Kawasaki Steel Works Cause-and-Effect draw is a tool that helps find, sort, and unc everywhere possiblecauses of a particular proposition trouble or quality characteristic (Viewgraph 1). It graphicallyillustrates the relationship between a given outcome and all the factors that influencethe outcome. This type of diagram is some eons called an Ishikawa diagrambecause it was invented by Kaoru Ishikawa, or a fishbone diagram because of theway it looks.When should a root word use a Cause-And-Effect Diagram?Use cause effect diagram when you wantTo identify the possible causes or the basic reasons, for a detail effect, worry, or condition.To sort out and relate some of the interactions among the factors affecting a particular sour or effect.To analyze existing paradoxs so that corrective action nooky be taken Constructing a Cause-and-Effect Diagram can help your team when you need toIdentify the possible root causes, the basic reasons, for a specific effect,problem, or condition.Sort out and relate some of the interactions among the factors affecting aparticular process or effect.Why should we use a Cause-and-Effect Diagram?A cause effect diagram helps to determine the causes of a problem or quality characteristic using a structured approach. It encourages root participation and utilizes team knowledge of the process. It uses an orderly, easy-to-read format to diagram cause-and-effect relationships. It increases knowledge of the process by helping everyone to suss out more about the factors at piece of work and how they relate. It indicates possible causes of pas seul in a process and identifies beas where data should be collected for however study.A Cause-and-Effect Diagram is a tool that is recyclable for identifying and organizing theknown or possible causes of quality, or the lack of it. The structure provided by thediagram helps team members think in a very opinionated way. Some of the benefitsof constructing a Cause-and-Effect DiagramHelps determine the root causes of a problem or quality characteristicusing a structured appr oach.Encourages group participation and utilizes group knowledge of theprocess.Uses an orderly, easy-to-read format to diagram cause-and-effectrelationships.Indicates possible causes of variation in a process.Increases knowledge of the process by helping everyone to learn moreabout the factors at work and how they relate.How do we develop a Cause-and-Effect Diagram?When you develop a Cause-and-Effect Diagram, you be constructing a structured,pictorial display of a list of causes organized to show their relationship to a specificeffect. Viewgraph 3 shows the basic layout of a Cause-and-Effect Diagram. Noticethat the diagram has a cause side and an effect side. The steps for constructing andanalyzing a Cause-and-Effect Diagram be outlined below.The application of cause-and-effect diagrams to the evaluation of thermodynamic data from UV-Vis absorption spectroscopic analysis is demonstrated. The contributions of mensuration uncertainty identified from a cause-and-effect diagram are implemented into a Monte Carlo procedure based on the doorsill bootstrap computer-assisted target factor analysis (TB CAT). This algorithm aims at an approach of data comparability and accounts for non-normality, spectral, residual and parameter correlation as rise up as random noise in target factor analysis. The ISO Type-B measurement uncertainties are included into the process by normally distributed random numbers racket with specified mean values and dispersions. The TB CAT procedure is illustrated by a flow diagram and a case study of Nd(III) complexation by picolinic acid N-oxide (pic NO) in aqueous solution. Using 12 experimental spectra as input data, the single component spectra and the formation constant 1g betaML of the Nd(pic NO)2+ species are obtained in concert with the respective probability density distributions. The role of the cause-and-effects approach on the progress development of chemical thermodynamics is discussedIdentify and distinctly define the outco me or EFFECT to be analyzedDecide on the effect to be examined. Effects are stated as particular qualitycharacteristics, problems resulting from work, grooming objectives, and the like.Use Operational Definitions. Develop an Operational Definition of the effect to look into that it is clearly understood.Remember, an effect whitethorn be positive (an objective) or prohibit (a problem),depending upon the issue thats being discussed.Using a positive effect which focuses on a desired outcome tends to fosterpride and ownership over productive areas. This may lead to an upbeatatmosphere that encourages the participation of the group. When possible,it is preferred to phrase the effect in positive terms.Focusing on a negative effect can sidetrack the team into justifying why theproblem occurred and placing blame. However, it is sometimes easier fora team to focus on what causes a problem than what causes an excellentoutcome. While you should be cautious about the fallout that can resultf rom focusing on a negative effect, getting a team to concentrate on thingsthat can go wrong may foster a more relaxed atmosphere and sometimesenhances group participation.Identify, clearly state and agree on the effect or the problem to be analysed. A problem can be defined as a discrepancy between existing and a desired state of affairs. A problem exists when there is a difference between what should be and what is between the ideal and the actual situation. Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing any problem-solving process. A symptom differs from a problem in that the symptom is an evidence of the instauration of a problem sharpen a white board or flipchart where everyone could clearly see it.Draw a box containing the problem or effect to be analyzed, on the right side of the board with a horizontal spine.Add main categories of possible causes of the problem. Causes in a cause effect diagram are frequently arranged into the following categoriesThe 6 MsMachine, Method, Materials, Measurement, Manpower and Mother Nature (Environment) (recommended for manufacturing industry).The 8 Ps Price, Promotion, People, lickes, Place / Plant, Policies, Procedures Product (recommended for administration and service industries).The 4 Ss Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills (recommended for service industries).The Processes Process 1, Process 2, Process 3 and so on.CAUSE EFFECT DIAGRAMS Cause and effect diagrams are very simple. The basic concept of a cause and effect diagram is to generate a fishbone diagram where all the causes of a problem against the effect (the effect is the fishes head with all the scales of the fish being the causes)Cause and effect diagrams are best generated in brain storming sessions, when you are lecture to the operators about making improvements. You can use them to view historical attempts at solving quality issues have worked out, get the operators involved, see if your proposals for improvement give work or not.Cause and effect diagrams are useful a lot of organizations do use the diagrams on quality control documents such(prenominal) as concession sheets where a cause and effect diagram moldiness be completed every time there is any tough material. These diagrams would then be analyzed on a regular basis, to constitute about improvements in product build.FUTURE STATE Develop a future state where you want your business to develop. By mapping the process, we should identify areas for improvement. By looking at rank order we observe further areas for improvements. Using cause and effect diagrams we see what has worked and what has not. The final state is to critique and apply all we have learnt to how we get to where we want to be.There are numerous other methods for analyzing your business for improvement, the above examples are for illustration purposes only, gratify be sure to read other quality publications. cause ErrorsThe major( ip) underlying principle in all quality management systems, is to extrapolate what causes errors in business and try to rectify and prevent them occurring again.Errors can be attributed toPoor training, which leads to mis-understanding and lack of perception.Production cycle based upon the use of time saving measures which result in poor product quality.Incorrect procedures showing the entire output signal cycle, rather than specific processes.Employee intentional action (as a result of poor labour relations, motivation, etc).What quality systems aim to achieve by a reduction in errorsProper identification of production process.Understanding how errors arise, and what could happen.Put measures in place to prevent the errors occurring again.Having unstable processes in the production cycle leads to high levels of non-conforming material, which in itself leads to greater waste in the work place and lack of teamwork. Extensions to this are that your business will find itself having poor or no direction, reduced profits due and lots of gaga customers.REFERENCESBrassard, M. (1988). The Memory Jogger, A Pocket Guide of Tools forContinuous avail, pp. 24 29. Methuen, MA GOAL/QPC.Department of the Navy (November 1992). Fundamentals of Total prime(a) leading (Instructor Guide), pp. 6-25 6-29. San Diego, CA Navy PersonnelResearch and Development Center..Ishikawa, Kaoru (1968). Guide to Quality Control. Tokyo, Japan AsianProductivity Organization.U.S. standard atmosphere Force (Undated). Process Improvement Guide Total Quality Tools forTeams and Individuals, p. 33. Air Force Electronic Systems Center, Air ForceMateriel Command.

Analysis of C Language and Operators

Analysis of C style and manipulatorsIntroductionIn order to perform dis identical kinds of movements, C consumptions diverse kinds of floozies. An f workor indicates an operation to be performed on info that yields a look upon. utilize various doers in C genius link the inconsistents and unremittings. An operand is a entropy item on which actors perform the operations. C is rich in the recitation of contrasting doers. C provides quad classes of street girls. They atomic declination 18 1) arithmetical 2) Relational 3) pellucid 4) Bitwise. A subroutine from these basic floozys, C in addition supports additional operators.3.1 casefuls of operatorsType of doer Symbolic Representation arithmetic operators + , -, *, / and % Relational operators ,=. lawful operators , II and gain and diminution operator ++ and Assignment operator = Bitwise operators ,I,,,and Comma operator , antecedental operator ? 3.2 PRIORITY OF OPERATORS AND THEIR CLUBBINGVarious relative operators be feed different priorities or inauguratence. If an arithmetical demonstration contains more operators then the execution exit be performed according to their priorities. The precession is focalize for different operators in C. angle of inclination of operators with priority wise (hierarchical) ar shown in accede 3.2. shelve 3.2 itemisation of operators with priority wise meanss Operation Clubbing Priority ( ) - . Function vociferate Array grammatical construction or squ argon bracket Structure hooker Structure street girl odd to right 1st+ ++ * Sizeof temper single accession single disconfirming Increment Decrement Not operator Ones complement Pointer Operator Address operator Size of an quarry Type cast make up to Left 2nd * / % Multiplication class Modular year Left to Right 3rd + Addition price reduction Left to Right 4th Left shift Right crack Left to Right 5th = Less than Less than or twin to greater than G reater than or disturb to Left to Right sixth == = Equality In equating Left to Right 7th Bitwise AND Left to Right 8th Bitwise XOR Left to Right 9th Bitwise OR Left to Right tenth Logical AND Left to Right 11th Logical OR Left to Right 12th ? Conditional operator Right to Left thirteenth =,*=,-=, =,+=,=, =,= Assignment operator Right to Left 14th , Comma operator Left to Right 15th 1) When two operators of the self identical(prenominal) priority argon found in the recipe, precedence is stipulation to the extreme left(p) operator. face recitation caseful3.3 COMMA AND conditional OPERATOR1) Comma operator (,) The comma operator is social occasion to separate two or more rules. The comma operator has the lowest priority among all the operators. It is non internal to enclose the materialisations with comma operators deep down the p arnthesis. For example the disceptations given below atomic number 18 valid. grammatical case2) Conditional operator (?) The condit ional operator contains a condition followed by two statements or set. If the condition is honest the runner statement is penalise some early(a)wise the second statement. The conditional operator (?) and () ar sometimes called ternary operators beca intake they move come forward three arguments. The syntax of conditional operator is as given below.SyntaxCondition? ( facial gesture1) ( demeanor2)Two expressions are separated by a colon. If the condition is consecutive expression1 gets evaluated otherwise expression 2. The condition is aeonianly written before? Mark. Example Example3.4 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS there are two types of arithmetic operators. They are 1) Binary Operator and 2) Unary Operator a) Binary operator Table 3.3 shows different arithmetic operators that are apply in C. These operators are commonly use in about of the calculator talking tos. These arithmetic operators are utilise for numerical calculations amid the two cons common topazt levers. Th ey are also called as Binary Arithmetic Operators. The examples are also shown in the Table 3.3 In the program changeables are declared sort of of constants.Table 3.3 Arithmetic operatorsArithmetic Operators Operator Explanation Examples + Addition 2+2=4 Subtraction 5-3=2 * Multiplication 2*5=10 / component affair 10/2=5 % Modular Division 11%3=2 (Remainder 2)b) Unary Operators Unary operators are growth operator (++), reduction (- -) and minus (-) . These operators and their descriptions are given in the Table 3.4.Table 3.4 Unary arithmetic operatorsOperator Description or execution Minus ++ Increment Decrement Address Operator Size of Gives the size of it of variablea) Minus (-) Unary minus is used to indicate or change the algebraic sign of a cheer. b) Increment (++) Decrement () Operators The C compilers originate very fast efficient object codes for development and decrement operations. This code is better than generated by using the equivalent date statement. So, increment and decrement operators should be used whenever possible. The operator ++ adds one to its operand. Whereas the operator subtracts one from its operand. For justification x=x+1 mint be written as x++ and x=x-1 give the bounce be written as x. Both these operators may either follow or precede the operand. That is, x=x+ 1 can be stand for as x++ 01 ++xIf ++ or are used as a suffix to the variables name then the post change magnitude / decreased operations take interject. Consider an example for understanding ++ operator as a suffix to the variable.x=20 y=10 z=x*y++In the above equation the current value of y is used for the product. The result is 200, which is adduceed to z. After multiplication, the value of y is increased by one. If ++ or -are used as a affix to the variable name then pre increment/ decrement operations take place. Consider an example for understanding ++ operator as a prefix to the variable.x=20 y=10 z=x*++yIn the above equation the value of y is increased and then used for multiplication. The result is 220, which is assigned to z. The following programs can be executed for verification of increment and decrement operations.Example 3.4 Example 3.5c) Size of 0 and Operator The size of ( ) operator gives the bytes occupied by a variable. The number of bytes occupied varies from variable to variable dep remnanting upon its dab types. The operator prints address of the variable in the memory. The example given below illustrates the use of twain the operators. Example 3.63.5 RELATIONAL OPERATORSThese operators are used to distinguish mingled with two values depending on their relations. These operators provide the relationship amidst the two expressions. If the relation is unfeigned then it returns a value 1 otherwise 0 for wild relation. The relational operators unitedly with their descriptions, example and return value are exposit in Table 3.5.Table 3.5 Relational OperatorOperators Description or Action Examp le Return apprize Greater than 54 1 = Greater than equal to 11=5 1 = = Equal to 2==3 0 = Not equal to 3=3 0The relational operators symbols are easy to understand. They are self-explanatory. However memoriseers benefit a program is illustrated below. Example 3.7 Example 3.8 Example 3.9 Example 3.103.6 consistent OPERATORSThe analytic relationship between the two expressions are checked with analytical operators. Using these operators two expressions can be joined. After checking the conditions it provides limpid true (1) or dishonorable (0) status. The operands could be constants, variables, and expressions. The Table 3.6 describes the three logical operators together with examples and their return values.Table 3.6 Logical OperatorsOperator Description or Action Example Return Value Logical AND 53 5 Logical OR 85 8 Logical not 8 = 8 0From the above table following rules can be followed for logical operators.1) The logical AND ( ) operator provides true result when bo th expressions are true otherwise 0. 2) The logical OR (I I) operator provides true result when one of the expressions is true otherwise 0. 3) The logical NOT operator () provides 0 if the condition is true otherwise 1. Example 3.11 Example 3.12 Example 3.13 Example 3.14 Example 3.15 Example 3.163.7 BITWISE OPERATORSC supports a set of bitwise operators as listed in the Table 3.7. C supports six bit operators. These operators can draw only on whole number operands much(prenominal) as int, char, neat, long int and so forthTable 3.7 Bitwise operatorsOperator Meaning Right shift Bitwise xor (Exclusive OR) Ones complement Bitwise AND Bitwise OR Example 3.17 Example 3.18 Example 3.19 Example 3.20 Example 3.21SUMMARYYou have now studied the various operators such as arithmetic, logical and relational which are essential to keep open and execute programs. The precedence of the operators in the arithmetic operations furnished in the form of a table. The conditional comma ope rators and programs on them, also described in this chapter. You are made sensitive of the logical operators OR, AND and NOT. Full descriptions on bit wise operators have been illustrated. legion(predicate) Simple examples have been provided to the users to understand the various operators. The reader is expected to write more programs on this chapter.EXCERSICESAnswer the following questions.1. Explain different types of operators purchasable in C? 2. What are the uses of comma (,) and conditional (?) operators? 3. What are Unary operators and their uses? 4. Describe logical operators with their return values? 5. Distinguish between logical and bitwise operators. 6. What are the relational operators? 7. What is the difference between = and = = ? 8. What are the symbols used for a) OR b) AND c) XOR d) NOT operations? 9. Explain the precedence of operators in arithmetic operations? 10. List the operators from higher priority to least priority? 11. What is the difference between %f and %g? 12. What is the difference between category and modular member operations? 13. What are the ASCII codes? List the codes for digits 1 to 9, A to Z and a to z.We have already seen that individual constants, variables, array elements and bit references joined together by various operators to form expressions. We have also mentioned that C implicates a number of operators which fall into several different categories. In this chapter we examine current of categories in detail. Specifically, we forget see how arithmetic operators, single operators, relational and logical operators, identification operators and the conditional operator are used to form expressions. The info items that operators act upon are called operands. Some operators require two operands, while others act upon only one operand. Most operators allow the individual operands to be expressions. A few operator permit only single variables as operands (more well-nigh this later).3.1 ARITHMETIC OPERATORSTher e are five arithmetic operators in C. They areOperator Purpose+ addition subtraction * multiplication / division % oddment after whole number divisionThe %operator is sometimes referred to as the modulus operator.There is no exponentiation operator in C. However, there is a program depository depository library function (pow) to carry taboo exponentiation (see Sec.3.6).The operands acted upon by arithmetic operators essential represent numeric values. Thus, the operands can be integer quantities, move- manoeuver quantities or constitutions (remember -that disposition constants represent integer values, as contumacious by the computers component set). The proportion operator (%) requires that both operands be integers and the second operand be nonzero. Similarly, the division operator (I) requires that the second operand be nonzero.Division of one integer quantity by another is referred to as integer division. This operation always results in a truncated quotient (i.e., the decimal portion of the quotient will be dropped). On the other hand if a division operation is carried out with two floating-point numbers, or with one floating-point number and one integer, the result will be a floating-point quotient. archetype 3.1 EXAMPLE 3.2 EXAMPLE 3.3Operands that differ in type may undergo type con pas seul before the expression takes on its final exam value. In general, the final result will be expressed in the highest clearcutness possible, consistent with the schooling types of the operands. The following rules apply when neither / operand is unsigned.1. If both operands are floating-point types whose precisions differ (e.g., a float and a duple), the lower precision operand will be reborn to the precision of the other operand, and the result will be expressed in this higher precision. Thus, an operation between a float and a figure will result in a double a float and a long double will result in a long double and a double and a long double will result in a long double. ( argument In some adaptions of C, all operands of type float are automatically converted to double.)2. If one operand is a floating-point type (e.g., float, double or long double) and the other is a char or an int (including short int or long int), the char or int will be converted to the floating-point type and the result will be expressed as such. Hence, an operation between an int and a double will result in a double.3. If neither operand is a floating-point type but one is a long int, the other will be converted to long int and the result will be long into Thus, an operation between a long int and an int will result in a long int.4. If neither operand is a floating-point type or a long int, then both operands will be converted to int (if necessary) and the result will be into Thus, an operation between a short int and an int will result in an int.A detailed summary of these rules is given in appendix D. Conversions involving unsigned operands are als o explained in Appendix D.EXAMPLE 3.4 EXAMPLE 3.5 EXAMPLE 3.6 EXAMPLE 3.7 EXAMPLE 3.8 EXAMPLE 3.93.2 single OPERATORSC includes a class of operators that act upon a single operand to produce a new value. Such operators are known as unary operators. Unary operators usually precede their single operands, though some unary operators are written after their operands.Perhaps the most common unary operation is unary minus, where a numerical constant, variable or expression is preceded by a minus sign. (Some programming speechs allow a minus sign to be include as a part of a numeric constant. In C, however, all numeric constants are overbearing. Thus, a cast out number is actually an expression, consisting of the unary minus operator, followed by a imperative numeric constant.)Note that the unary minus operation is distinctly different from the arithmetic operator which denotes subtraction (-). The subtraction operator requires two separate-operands.3.3 RELATIONALAND LOGICAL OPERAT ORSThere are four relational operators in C. They areOperator Meaning greater than = greater than or equal to These operators all fall within the same precedence group, which is lower than the arithmetic and unary operators. The associatively of these operators is left to right. Closely associated with the relational operators are the following two equality operators.Operator Meaning== equal to = not equal toThe equality operators fall into a separate precedence group, beneath the relational operators. These operators also have a left-to-right associatively. These six operators are used to form logical expressions, which represent conditions that are either true or false. The resulting expressions will be of type integer, since true is represented by the integer value 1 and false is represented by the value 0.EXAMPLE 3.15 EXAMPLE 3.16 EXAMPLE 3.17 EXAMPLE 3.18 EXAMPLE 3.19 EXAMPLE 3.203.4 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORSThere are several different appointment operators in C. All of them are u sed to form date .expressions which assign the value of an expression to an identifier. The most commonly used fitting operator is = Assignment expressions that make use of this operator are written in the form identifier = expression where identifier generally represents a variable, and expression represents a constant, a variable or a more complex expression.EXAMPLE 3.21 look upon that the assignment operator = and the equality operator == are distinctly different. The assignment operator is used to assign a value to an identifier, whereas the equality operator is used to determine if two expressions have the same value. These operators cannot be used in place of one another. Beginning programmers often incorrectly use the assignment operator when they want to test for equality. This results in a logical error that is usually difficult to detect. Assignment expressions are often referred to as assignment statements, since they are usually written as complete statements. However, assignment expressions can also be written as expressions that are include within other statements (more about this in later chapters).If the two operands in an assignment expression are of different entropy types, then the value of the expression on the right (i.e., the right-hand operand) will automatically be converted to the type of the identifier on the left. The entire assignment expression will then be of this same info type. Under some mint this automatic type conversion can result in an innovation of the data being assigned. For exampleA floating-point value may be truncated if assigned to an integer identifier. A double-precision value may be rounded if assigned to a floating-point (single-precision) identifier. An integer quantity may be altered if assigned to a shorter integer identifier or to a character identifier (some high-order bits may be lost). Moreover the value of a character constant assigned to a numeric-type identifier will be dependent upon the partic ular character set in use. This may result in inconsistencies from one version of C to another. The careless use of type conversions is a frequent inception of error among beginning programmers.EXAMPLE 3.22 EXAMPLE 3.23 EXAMPLE 3.24 EXAMPLE 3.25THE CONDITIONAL OPERATORSimple conditional operations can be carried out with the conditional operator (? ). An expression that makes use of the conditional operator is called a conditional expression. Such an expression can be written in place of the more traditional if -else statement, which is discussed in Chap.6. A condition expression is written in the formexpression 1 ? expression 2 expression 3When evaluating a conditional expression, expression 1 is evaluated first. If expression 1 is true (i.e., if, its value is nonzero), then expression 2 is evaluated and this becomes the value of the conditional expression. However, if expression 1 is false (i.e., if its value is zero),then expression 3 is evaluated and this becomes the value of the conditional expression. Note that only one of the embedded expressions (either expression 2 or expression 3) is evaluated when determining the value of a conditional expression.EXAMPLE 3.26 EXAMPLE 3.27 EXAMPLE 3.28 EXAMPLE 3.29LIBRARY FUNCTIONSThe C language is accompanied by a number of library functions that carry out various commonly used operations or calculations. These library functions are not a part of the language per se, though all implementations of the language include them. Some functions return a data item to their adit point others indicate whether a condition is true or false by returning a 1 or a 0, one by one still others carry out specific operations on data items but do not return anything. Features which tend to be computer-dependent are generally written as library functions.For example, there are library functions that carry out standard stimulant/output operations (e.g., read and write characters, read and write numbers, open and close files, test for end of file, etc.), functions that perform operations on characters (e.g., convert from lower- to uppercase, test to see if a character is uppercase, etc.), and function that perform operations on strings (e.g., counterpart a string, compare strings, concatenate strings, etc.), and functions that carry out various numerical calculations (e.g., evaluate trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, compute absolute values, square(p) roots, etc.). early(a) kinds of library functions are also available.Library functions that are functionally similar are usually grouped together as (compiled) object programs in separate library files. These library files are supplied as a part of separately C compiler. All C compilers contain similar groups of library functions, though they lack precise standardization. Thus there may be some variation in the library functions that are available in different versions of the language.A typical set of library functions will include a fairly l arge number of functions that are common to most C compilers such as those shown in Table 3-2 below. Within this table, the tug labeled type refers to the data type of the quantity that is returned by the function. The de purse entry shown for function srand indicates that nothing is returned by this function.A more long list, which includes all of the library functions that appear in the programming examples presented in this book, is shown in Appendix H. For complete list, see the programmers reference manual that accompanies your particular version of C.A library function is accessed obviously by writing the function name, followed by a list of arguments that represent information being passed to the function. The arguments must be enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas. The arguments can be constants, variable names, or more complex expressions. The parentheses must be present, dismantle if there are no arguments.A function that returns a data item can appear anywh ere within an expression, in place of a constant or an identifier(i.e., in place of a variable or an array element). A function that carries out operations on data items but does not return anything can be accessed simply by writing the function name, since this type of function reference constitutes an expression statement.Table 3-2 Some Commonly Used Library FunctionsFunction Type Purposeabs(i) Int Return the absolute value of i. ceil(d) double Round up to the next integer value (the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to d). cos(d) double Return the cosine of d. cosh (d) double Return the high-sounding cosine of d. exp (d) double Raise e to the power d (e =2.7182818. .. is the base of the natural (Naperian) system of logarithms). fabs (d) double Return the absolute value of d. tarradiddle (d) double Round down to the next integer value (the largest integer that does not exceed d). fmod (d1,d2) double Return the remainder (i.e., the noninteger part of the quotient) of d1/d2, with same sign as d1. getchar () int Enter a character from the standard input tress. log (d) double Return the natural logarithm of d. pow (d1,d2) double Return d1 raised to the d2 power. printf() int Send data items to the standard output device (arguments are complicated see Chap. 4). pitcher int Send a character to the standard output device rand ( ) int Return a random positive integer. sin (d) double Return the sine of d. sqrt (d) double Return the square root of d. srand (u) void Initialize the random number generator. scanf() int Enter data items from the standard input device (arguments are complicated see Chap. 4). tan (d) double Return the tangent of d. toascii int transpose value of argument to ASCII. tolower int Convert letter to lowercase toupper int Convert letter to uppercase.NoteType refers to the data type of the quantity that is returned by the function.c denotes a character-type argument i denotes an integer argument d denotes a double-precision arg ument u denotes an unsigned integer argumentEXAMPLE 3.30 EXAMPLE 3.31Review Questions1. What is an expression? What are its components? 2. What is an operator? Describe several different types of operators that are included in C. 3. What is an operand? What is the relationship between operators and operands? 4. Describe the five arithmetic operators in C. add the rules associated with their use. 5. Summarize the rules that apply to expressions whose operands are of different types. 6. How can the value of an expression be converted to a different data type? What is this called? 7. What is meant by operator precedence? What are the relative precedences of the arithmetic operators? 8. What is meant by associativity? What is the associativity of the arithmetic operators? 9. When should parentheses be included within an expression? When should the use of parentheses be avoided. 10. In what order are the operations carried out within an expression that contains nested parentheses? 11. What are unary operators? How many operands are associated with a unary operator? 12. Describe the six unary operators discussed in this chapter. What is the purpose of each? 13. Describe two different ways to utilize the increment and decrement operators. How do the two method differ? 14. What is the relative precedence of the unary operators compared with the arithmetic operators? What is their associativity? 15. How can the number of bytes allocated to each data type be determined for a particular C compiler? 16. Describe the four relational operators included in C. With what type of operands can they be used? What type of expression is obtained? 17. Describe the two equality operators included in C. How do they differ from the relational operators? 18. Describe the two logical operators included in C. What is the purpose of each? With what type of operands can they be used? What type of expression is obtained? 19. What are the relative precedences of the relational, equality and logical operators with respect to one another and with respect to the arithmetic and unary operators? What are their associativities? 20. Describe the logical not (logical negation) operator. What is its purpose? Within which precedence group is it included? How many operands does it require? What is its associativity? 21. Describe the six assignment operators discussed in this chapter. What is the purpose of each? 22. How is the type of an assignment expression determined when the two operands are of different data types? In what sense is this event sometimes a source of programming errors? 23. How can multiple assignments be written in C? In what order will the assignments be carried out? 24. What is the precedence of assignment operators relative to other operators? What is their associativity? 25. Describe the use of the conditional operator to form conditional expressions. How is a conditional expression evaluated? 26. How is the type of a conditional expression determined w hen its operands differ in type? 27. How can the conditional operator be combined with the assignment operator to form an if -else type statement? 28. What is the precedence of the conditional operator relative to the other operators described in this chapter? What is its associativity? 29. Describe, in general terms, the kinds of operations and calculations that are carried out by the C library functions. 30. Are the library functions actually a part of the C language? Explain. 31. How are the library functions usually packaged within a C compiler? 32. How are library functions accessed? How is information passed to a library function from the access point? 33. What are arguments? How are arguments written? How is a call to a library function written if there are no arguments? 34. How is specific information that may be required by the library functions stored? How is this information entered into a C program? 35. In what general category do the restore and include statements fall ?INTRODUCTIONC supports a rich set of operators. We have already used several of them, such as =, +. -, *, and, C operators can be classified into a number of categories. They include1. Arithmetic operators. 2. Relational operators. 3. Logical operators. 4. Assignment operators. 5. Incrementand decrement operators. 6. Conditional operators. 7. Bitwiseoperators. 8. Speciaolperators.3.2 ARITHMETIC OPERATORSC provides all the basic arithmetic operators. They are listed in Table 3.1. The operators +, -, * and I all work the same way as they do in other languages. These can operate on any built-in data type allowed in C. The unary minus operator, in effect, multiplies its single operand by -1. Therefore, a number preceded by a minus sign changes its sign.Table 3.1 Arithmetic OperatorsOperator Meaning+ Addition or unary plus Subtraction or unary minus * Multiplication / Division % Modulo divisionInteger division truncates any fractional part. The modulo division produces the remainder o f an integer division. Examples of arithmetic operators area b a + b a * b a / b a % b -a * bhither a and b are variables and are known as operands. The modulo division operator % cannot be used on floating point data. Note that C does not have an operator for exponentiation. Older versions of C does not support unary plus but ANSI C supports it.Integer ArithmeticWhen both the operands in a single arithmetic expression such as a+b are integers, the expression is called an integer expression, and the operation is called integer arithmetic. Integer arithmetical ways yields an integer value. The largest integer value depends on the machine, as pointed out earlier. In the above examples, if a and b are integers, then for a = 14 and b = 4 we have the following resultsa b = 10 a + b = 18 a*b=56 a / b = 3 (decimal part truncated) a % b = 2 (remainder of division)During integer division, if both the operands are of the same sign, the result is truncated towards zero. If one of them is neg ative, the direction of truncation is implementation dependent. That is,6/7 = 0 and -6/-7 = 0 but -6/7 may be zero or -1. (Machine dependent)Similarly, during modulo division, the sign of the result is always the sign of the first operand (the dividend.) That is-14 % 3 = -2 -14 % -3 = -2 14 % -3 = 2EXAMPLE 3.1Real ArithmeticAn arithmetic operation involving only real operands is called eal arithmetic. A real operand may resume values either in decimal or exponential notation. Since floating point values are rou

Relationship Between Project Management And Leadership Management Essay

Relationship Between see to it c ar And lead counsel EssayExecutive SummaryThe side trace report is everywherecritical analysis of Lenovo Groups attractership accession, problems, sound labor proviso and finiss do by attracters in the companionship. Lenovo Groups predecessor was founded in Beijing by few scientists as an enterprise of the electronic estimator Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1981. dell and HP who were the masters in person-to-person calculation machine intersections were facing difficulties in localizing their business before 2004 in the Chinese grocery store. At that condemnation they were non a sincere issue to Lenovo. They did not ca engagement any bane to Lenovo. But when Lenovo started its elaborateness in 2004 its schema was affected by the strategies followed by HP and dingle. Lenovo than modify its strategies in request to gain war-ridden advantage, profit its market share and improve its doing. We will see in following report that how Lenovo adopted roll focus and leading strategies in purchase order to overcome the challenges faced in establishing its place in the Personal calculator market. How Lenovo foc expenditured on nodes, resisting bureaucracy, and cold shoulder across boundaries thinking world(prenominal)ly, demonstrating enormous efficacy and being able to come alive and invigorate others. lead demeanor at Lenovo is in habitual of two types state oriented depict as populistic. confinement passenger vehicles at Lenovo formation are both(prenominal) leaders and followers. The purport managers leaders position at Lenovo encompasses interpersonal fiber, informational role and a decision maker role. Lenovo sent many managers to observe highly conquestful system where the leading incidentors of speed, the bias of action and utter customer fixation wee helped drive this high discount store to victory. In the result of adaptation of lead strategies they i mproved the team up contri besidese and finally cypher-oriented approach of confederacy improved world-wide integration.1. INTRODUCTIONBackgroundWorking TitleThe importance of team deed in communicate circumspection- A case study of LenovoIntroduction to drop way fox worry is a disciple that in draws to co-ordinate, plan, and verify and organizes the assorted and complex activities of todays commercial, industrial, worry and Information Technology views. There is bingle general characteristic shared in publicalty by all the suffers the switchion of thoughts, concepts and reports into new endeavors.Project LeadershipPulling together the science of see management with efficacious leadership judgment is the essence of render leadership. The dizzying phalanx of suggestions for leadership combined with the time sensitive take for completion challenges arrive at a fate for a new model. The model developed offers instruction on how and when to apply leadership patterns to the various forms of a cipher. The definition of confuse leadership is the systematic application of leadership understanding and skills at apiece stage of a project lifecycle.Statement of the ProblemGiants like Dell and HP who were the masters in Personal Computer products were facing difficulties in localizing their business before 2004 in the Chinese market. At that time they were not a serious issue to Lenovo. They did not hit any terror to Lenovo. When Lenovo started its expansion in 2004 its competitive strategy was affected by the strategies followed by HP and Dell. Lenovo had to modify its strategies in order to gain competitive advantage, increment its market share and improve its performance. This essay discusses how Lenovo adopted project management and leadership strategies in order to overcome the challenges faced in establishing its mug in the Personal Computer market.Background of the studyThe Personal Computer industry has been ontogeny by boun ds and leaps nowadays. In 2007 the sales of Personal Computers around the world were estimated to about 250 billion units. This represents 10% profit over the previous year. Lenovo is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the starring(p) Personal Computer manufacturers. It has a product line which includes servers, storage devices, projectors, and printer supplies, computing accessories, mobile handsets, printers, digital products and computing services. The primary business of Lenovo is Personal Computer. It was estimated to yield about 98% of the perturbation of the company Larson, 2009.In whitethorn 2005 Lenovo acquired IBMs Personal Computing Di day-dream. after(prenominal) that Lenovo has witnessed accelerating developing in business and expansion of market share. Its share penetrated into the overseas markets too. Lenovo transferred its home touch from mainland Chinaware to USA, Raleigh, North Carolina. Today, the Lenovo classify has branch topographic points in hal f a dozensomety six countries around the world. It has business trading operations in 170 countries and employs over 30,000 quite a little general. Lenovo is organized into 4 geographical units America, Europe, Middle East and Africa, greater China and Asia-Pacific. Within each geographical unit there are functional departments that include transportation, marketing and sales, production and give compass management. Outside of Greater China the sales compromises of 60% of the amount of money turnover of the company in the next quarter of 2008.About LenovoLenovo Groups predecessor was founded in Beijing in 1984 by Liu Chuanzhi and ten other computer scientists as an enterprise of the Computer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the first age Lenovo was a small distributor of imported foreign stigmatiseed computers then the company started producing its self deformityed desktops in 1990 and since then evolved into chinas leading computer firm. In 1997 the pock became chinas top selling PC desktop brand. By 2006 the brand holds the market leadership and over 25% share in china for more than eight consecutive years plus some brand presence in Asia, competing against brands much(prenominal) as Dell, HP and Toshiba. Over the years Lenovo has in like manner diversified into other PC products such(prenominal) as portables, prevailstations, and servers as fountainhead as into mobile phones and digital entertainment products Lewis, 2006.Due to the fact that Lenovo spun off its foreign branded distribution business, which accounted for a third of their revenues, as a new listed company at Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2001, annual growth rates were moderate with 12% in 1998-2004. Lenovo group itself is already listed at Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 1994 and gained total revenues of United States $ 2.9bn in 2004, over 90% of thereof in china. In 2000 Lenovo Group procl get under ones skined to aim at total revenue of United States 10bn by 2005 and to get under ones skin one of the Fortune Global 500 companies by 2010 ate latest. Since 2003 they cave in also wanted to become a global leading brand and to generate 25% of their revenues in overseas markets by 2006.In May 2005 Lenovo already came closer to these goals when they acquired IBMs PC Di great deal for United States $1.7bn, including their global brands ThinkPad and ThinkCentre. The accomplishment made the Lenovo Group into the worlds third largest PC vendor, with around United States $13bn in annual revenue, 60% thereof abroad, and products serving enterprises and consumers in more than one hundred sixty countries. Lenovos new executive headquarters moved from Beijing to purchase, New York with lead-in operations in Beijing and Raleigh, North Carolina and an enterprise sales scheme worldwide, including sales headquarters in New York, Paris, Beijing and Sydney. The company operates six manufacturing sites in China and India and runs nine RD centres in disacc ordent countries, employing more than 19000 bulk. The on a lower floor figure shows the worldwide revenues of Lenovo find out 2 Worldwide revenues of LenovoSource Larson, 2009, Project precaution, Watermark Learning, Inc., New JerseyAccording to Meng Yutian (2006) Lenovos Group precedential supervisory program of brand management in Beijing, the new groups advantages lie in engineering science innovation and a strong combination of both consumer PC sell and b2b client handling. She admitted that Dell has a more efficient supply mountain range which is to be challenged by their ongoing post merger integrations with IBM PCs. Lenovo is also implementing a new global brand strategy to match its new worldwide reach. Lenovos priority is to maintain and extend the brand equities of the brands Lenovo, ThinkPad, ThinkCentre and Lianxiang in all major markets worldwide.Relevant searchRelationship between Leadership and Project steeringA project is a short term endeavor under take upn to create a unique service or product. both project has elements such as un certain(prenominal)ty and risk associated with it. They might sometime lead to the nonstarter of the project. Increase in project costs, lack of picks, erroneous development are few examples of risk in projects. These unforeseen circumstances and failures are reciprocal in all types of projects irrespective of their industry.The main objective of project management is to predict or forecast maximum number of risks and problems that would be encountered tour completing the project and plan, control and organize the project related activities such that the project is advantagefully completed despite all hindrances Davidson F J, 2003. The bring of project management should begin even before any resource is assigned and should last till the complete set of activities is done. The ultimate aim and objective of a project manager should be focused towards earning the contentment of purchaser, project spons or, principal stakeholders and customers and deliver the project within the promised time edge without incurring more cost and spending excess of resources than that were originally budgeted, plotted or allocated.Project management is the application of skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project get hold ofments. This requires project managers to understand the project objectives, limitations, lifecycle and roles of the participants. It also suggests that project managers should possess a variety of essential skills. Every project has an objective that is a cogitate for performing the project. This objective discharge implement a new computer system, by constructing a create merging 2 companies or developing a new product. Each objective has 2 considerations Scope and quality. Every project has one or more limitations on how well and how pronto the objectives can be contactd. These limitations frequently include budget, resources, time and technology. The limitations create risks that the objectives may not be met and these risks need to be place.Project LifecycleAll projects sustain a lifecycle. That is there are certain predictable events that will take place in the life of every project. The wise project leader will understand this lifecycle and plan for it. The alternative is to be surprised when leading a project. Understanding the project lifecycle is part of the science of project leadership in that it can be studied, there is a definite operate that can be followed and project leaders can match what they need to do at each stage.A simple and a generic project lifecycle model is used. The basic stages of this model can be determine and the project leadership t directs must be accomplished during each stage will apply to most projects in most industries. Projects in certain may constitute additional unique project leadership responsibilities. level(p) on very small projects however the intent of the responsibilitie s identifies the needs to be understood and accomplished. By understanding the most typical project leadership responsibilities a skilled project leader can scale up or down the complexity depending upon the person who leads the project Harold, 2009.To touch success in the project the organization need to use a accruement of skills that demonstrate their ability to lead a team. The organization is working with others and use others skills to energize and direct a different group of muckle to forever give a high performance. These people come from different split of the organization, each having its own finishing through the leadership elan of the departmental manager. commonwealth have to overcome these cultural variations to create a climate of co-operation and co-ordinate the social movements of the team members without direct line authority. There is a diverse campaign of options about what makes an potent leader. There are no common characteristics that the organizati on must have to be effective, without which they are doomed to fail. At the effect of leadership is their skill at influencing the behavior of people to achieve their objectives Martin, 1997.Autocratic LeadershipOne extreme of leadership style is autocrat, where the leader should tell people about what they do to approach. The other extreme is the democrat where information is shared the organization will consult widely and ask people to do the work using a will you approach. The humankind is that they adopt a style that is much subconsciously directed byThe situation and the prevailing environmentThe type of work, its priority and urgencyThe counsel the team reacts and behaves in the environment.In the crisis most people will tend to adopt a more autocratic style in the reside of getting a quick result. No time make its for consultation, ideas and suggestions are not encouraged and consensus is avoided. The actions required are dictated in command and control mode.Democratic LeadershipThe democratic style is regarded as slower encourage people to give their ideas and opinions always seeking a consensus so the team is fully involved and well motivated to achieve results Jack M R, 2008.The leaders of an effective project leaderA list of desirable qualities includes tractableness and adaptabilityAbility to demonstrate significant initiativeAssertiveness, confidence and verbal suavityAmbition, drive and commitmentEffective communication and god listening skillsEnthusiasm, resource and creativity beingness well organized and self disciplined being a generalist rather than a specialist having technical sense beingness able to identify and facilitate problem solvingBeing able to make and take decisions promptlyAbility to promote a motivating climateAbility to keep everyone focused on the project objectivesHaving been trained in project management tools and techniquesBeing experienced in project management processes and proceduresBeing respected by peers an d managementBeing concerned to achieve success.A program or a project is a specialized situation because of the nature of the work, which is time and cost agonistic the diverse range of skills and experience of people the organization dont know well.To achieve the objectives the organization must see some particular skills toEnsure that the project tasks are completed on time to the quality desired construct co-ordination between the team members and develop team workSupport the undivided team members and develop their skills for the workThese three rouge elements of the leadership role are related and interdependent and the organization cannot ignore any one at the expense of the others. They are all directed in one fundamental direction towards the objectives.The actions which the organizations take at each stage of the work are focused on maintaining the balance of these three elements, adopting a range of styles according to the prevailing situation. However in any programme or project there are others involved Kathy, 2009.Dimensions of the leadership in project managementThe infra figure shows the relationship between the key elements of leadership, the objectives and the stakeholdersFigure 3 Relationship between the key elements of leadership, the objectives and the stakeholdersSource Harold, 2009, Project Management A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 10th edition, New YorkThe organization spends much of their time inner directed, focusing on the three key elements. They must also spend time outer directed to understand the needs and expectations of their stakeholders, use their skills when appropriate and keep them informed of progress. They must engage their stakeholders and ignore them. They can influence their programmes or project at any time with serious consequences to progress. They can change their minds at any time cause delays and implore changes to their plans Weiss, 1992.There are three essential dimensions of leadership in project management. They areIdentifying and managing the stakeholders until completion achievedManaging the project dynamic lifecycle from definition through planning and motion to closure all the tasks of the programme or projectManaging the performance and that of the team and the stakeholders.Success is directly related to balancing the time and effort they give to each of these dimensions from the start up until they hand over the results to their customer.Theories/ Principles of Leadership with reference to Project ManagementThe five leadership principles for project success are as followsBuild Vision Sharing a common imaginativeness and goals and having the same understanding about tracking the progress toward this vision is one of the key factors is the success of a project and team.Nurture collaborationism A performing team yields synergy effects the impossible becomes possible. This is wherefore active team collaboration is crucial.Promote Performance Plan ning is hefty and distinguished. At the end of the day the leader and their team have to perform. As a leader it is their responsibility to create an environment that promotes performance on both the individual and team levels.Cultivate Learning As human being everyone makes mistakes. Effective leaders encourage their teams to explore new avenues and to make mistakes and learn from them. An effective leader constitutes in sufficient time for the team to learn, create and innovate.Ensure results Delivering results is both a prerequisite and an outcome of effective project leadership. Project delivery is a team effort, not an individual effort. The effective project leader builds and guides the team to deliver results by incorporating the first quad leadership principles.All five leadership principles combined encompass the core of effective project leadership Richard L, 1995.Project Leadership PyramidThe below figure shows the Project Leadership PyramidFigure 3 Project Leadershi p PyramidSource Martin, 1997, The Project Management for Project Teams, capital of SingaporeTogether the five leadership principles described here we build the project leadership pyramid. The principles at the top of this pyramid are the first principle build vision is followed by nurture collaboration, promote performance, cultivate encyclopedism and at the base of the pyramid ensure the results.The pyramid is a sinewy hear. This image is used for a simple reason that is although think building vision is probably the most important principle of effective leadership. just about people see the bottom line as the results. Thus the vision is at the top and the results are at the foundation of the pyramid. They are inclose by vision and results. When a pyramid is approached from a far distance first the top should be seen. But in this case vision is the top of the pyramid. As we get closer we see more of the pyramid until we are standing in the first row of the building blocks. We opinion overwhelmed by the size of the pyramid. It is not possible to see the top of the pyramid.Lenovos leadership strategiesAs an MNC Lenovo is headquartered in Raleigh and has branches in 66 countries and sales operations in more than 50 countries around the world. Lenovo is a global company with major research centers in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, China Yamato, Japan and Research triangle Park, North Carolina and primary operational hubs in Beijing, Research Triangle Park, Singapore and Paris. Lenovo operates manufacturing and/or assembly facilities in China, India, the United States and Mexico with a total of approximately 25,000 employees in 2007. To tide over the recent economic crisis Lenovo proclaimed a global restructuring in January 2009, streamlining America which expected to result in a saving of US$ 300 million.In two decades go wrong Liu Chuanzhi has successfully transformed, Lenovo from a small state owned enterprise into a flagship joint stock conglomerate that is largely owned by overseas investors. Under Liu Lenovo established an option plan and incentive mechanism which enabled a large number of young people embarks on the first line of leadership positions. Meanwhile Liu combined the modern Western management theories with the approach pattern of Chinese enterprises, and put forward management ideas such as a roof model of incorporate governance theory. Lius core philosophy is to build a team, set a strategy and organize a team. People believe such as practical and effective approach has contributed to Lenovos success as a large modern company with international competitive edge.Leadership Style at LenovoAn important part of the leadership is the style of leadership with which the leader carries out the role. In todays environment where it is necessary to have good ideas from every position in the organization, those people whose management styles suppress and intimidate are not needed. Lenovo proclaims high priorities for foc using on customers, resisting bureaucracy, and cutting across boundaries thinking globally, demonstrating enormous energy and being able to energize and invigorate others.Lenovo sent many managers to observe highly successful organization where the leadership factors of speed, the bias of action and utter customer fixation have helped drive this high discount store to success Davidson, 1996.Leadership style at Lenovo is in general of two types people oriented described as democratic, permissive, consensus-seeking, participative, follower-oriented and considerate, and task centered, described as bodily structured, task dominated, restrictive, directive, autocratic and socially distant. Task oriented leadership style usually is associated with productivity but may depress follower satisfaction whereas people centered leadership tends to enhance group cohesiveness but not consistently increase productivity. The following are the leadership styles adopted at Lenovo for project managem entProject leadership is an interpersonal and strategic process, which seeks to influence the project stakeholders to work toward closure of the project purposes. Project leadership takes place through interaction not in isolation.Project managers at Lenovo organization are both leaders and followers, operating in a culture where both orchis and informal networking relationships proliferate. In such relationships networking goes beyond the project managers formal authority, often leading to the use of influence over peers and superiors to affect the outcome of the project.The project managers leadership position at Lenovo encompasses three fundamental roles an interpersonal role, which includes forepart and leader in liaison functions an informational role, which entails disseminating information and acting as a spokesperson and a decision maker role, in which the project manager acts as entrepreneur, resource allocator and negotiator.Project leaders are the people who do the ri ght thing project managers are the people who do the things right. Lenovo recognizes that both the roles are important in management but they differ profoundly Bagherpour M, 2010.There are according to Lenovo people in senior positions in organizations doing the wrong thing well. Part of the fault for having people do the wrong thing may well lie with their schools of management, where they teach people to be good management technicians but they fail to train people for leadership. Lenovo goes further to identify the competencies found in people who exhibit effective leadership in their proven track recordsManagement of attentionManagement of trustManagement of meaningManagement of self.Challenges faced by LenovoLenovo, which entered the US market, as a fresher, in 2004, did not have any idea about how to compete with the leaders HP and Dell in gaining the market share. Lenovo decided to follow a project- centric approach in order to find a place for itself in the personal computer market. The project-focused approach became the limelight of the companys success story in future.Conclusion RecommendationsSolutions to the problem identifiedIn order to address the challenges, Lenovo proposed different changes in its business strategy and model in 2004, by employing a project-focused approach to develop its corporate strategy. The particular steps taken to implement the project management as a tool to execute the corporate strategy areAfter the confirmation of the overall corporate strategy of company, Lenovo sets to organize the priority tasks which require co-operation of multi-department into projects, which is known as strategic projects. Strategic projects vary from the Research and goal projects. In Research and Design projects the cost and time will not be used as yardsticks for success of the project. Such projects will be about have a fiting them into new markets, solves the underlying problems, enhances the organizational efficiency, integrates the st rategic resources or improves the capabilities and satisfaction of an employee. In the past, some strategic planning was not followed up adequately but the strategic project management application solves this problem and the strategic projects started to execute and provides the necessary results.Lenovo selected strategic alliances or joint ventures with global corporations such as Visa, Coca-Cola, Disney, and Pacific Century Cyber Works and so on as its entry model which effectively reduced the risk of international expansion and shortened the time to enter the target market.Second Lenovo sought to perfect the process of supply chain. In order to increase the efficiency of its global supply chain, Lenovo made strong commitment to continuously improve its management process and has so far achieved remarkable progress. By simplifying its global supply chain infrastructure including its logistics network, Lenovo further enhanced its service capacity by 10% with each computers cost of end to end supply chain reduced by 17% as compared with 2008 Goodman R A, 1967.Third Lenovo strived to refocus its corporate attention on the key and rising markets in the world. In 2004 consumer PC accounted for above 42% of the global PC market. The key for Lenovo was to string out its business scale by replicating the successful experience in china to the other areas. In this regard Lenovo won an impressive array of contracts in India and ASEAN countries through effective marketing strategies. Lenovo also outperformed the industry in key emerging markets such as Russia, Mexico, Brazil and Turkey. Meanwhile Lenovo made important progress in adjusting to the changing market conditions and accelerated its expansion in the fast growing industry segments with a belief that such rapid growth is expected to continue in the coming years.Lenovo attempted to expand both relational and transactional business models. In 2006 Lenovos relational business increase in all areas. After making efforts on the adjustment of customer segmentation and customer relational management, Lenovos profitability raised by a large margin. In future Lenovos business focus is expected to repose on providing services to key customers and improving the share in the medium sized enterprises market. In contrast in 2006 Lenovos transactional business accounted for 35% of the sales of global PC market. Looking forward to maintain sustainable growth, Lenovo go on to develop its business partners through marketing activities, accelerate the development of emerging markets and enhance the performance ability in some countries as well as to expand the productivity and the channel coverage of its sales teams Gray C F, 2005.Lenovo aimed to establish a global brand. In 2006, Lenovo had done a splendid job in marketing and brand building by sponsoring the Olympic Games, ATT Williams Formula one team and the NBA games. To raise the awareness and image of the brand the group launched a publicity campaign for two of its major products which has in turn helped enhance Lenovos brand visualization ThinkPad ultra slim X300 made the cover of Business Week as soon as it appeared on the market and the Idea Pad U110 won three major awards on international consumer electronics show in Las Vegas, the United States. Through those efforts Lenovo had made a deeper impression in the international arenas and gained rapid recognition consequently the image of Lenovo brand had improved by 13% according to a survey.Project Management and Leadership SolutionsLenovo established a Project Management emplacement to coordinate the strategic projects. In 2004 and early 2005, Lenovo put the organizational structure and the processes for its Project Management powerfulness. It formalized the relationships between the Project Management slip and strategic leaders and budget resources for the office. Constantly all other departmental regulations of Lenovo needed to conform to the regulations of Proj ect Management Office, with brief regulations which was outlined by particular departments of business. However, the Project Management Office of Lenovo did not interfere with the projects often or it offered training and establishes standard procedures. The employees of Lenovo saw the Project Management Office as a resource rather than a installment of administration. intent a Project Management Office as a facility of administration was one of thing that had condemned such offices in the past, but Lenovos office thrived to win an excellent team award for the company. The company believed that specific conditions should exist to utilize the project management successfully First, the company has to face a challenge second, the office had to be prioritized by the leadership of the company third, the office had to be led by a professional team and they had to sanction that company-specific systems are developed and finally, they also required to confirm that the organizational cult ure of the company could be appreciated. Otherwise it was difficult to evaluate.Lenovo also earmarked money for strategic implementation. Previously, it finished the strategic plans which were not supported financially. But with the shift of strategy, the leadership team had to set aside extra money to evaluate the projects outdoor(a) the original budget and provided bonus for those who were involved and paved way for the execution of the strategic plans successfully.Identifying Valuing project management professionals- Lenovo sent their top talent in project management to take the certification exam of Project Management Professional and apply for project management standards Project Management Institute, 2008. The certification of Project Management Office is managed and developed by the Institute of Project Management, which is the biggest set for professional project management in the world. The certification of Project Management Profe

Construction Site Safety in Malaysia

verbalism Site refuge in MalaysiaThe insurance concoctage of the social bodily structure industry is truly wide-ranging it consists of residential building, commercial structure pull, heavy engineering aspect, civil engineering, industrial reflection and infrastructure.Construction point is considered to be the roughly luckous rub downing pip. In the gimmick set, recourse and quality argon al styluss venerations by the people. In the recent stratums, bend industry is facing environmental problem due to the pollution and the hazards loosely establish by the wrench causeivities.In Malaysia, the formula industry is know generating the country development and alike improves the country economic. The frequencies of turn up hazards and property constipation which create a great imp cultivate to the kink plaque. During reflexion extremity, when disaster of casualtys and injuries or deaths of proles exit wee-wee delays to the device count on. The de lay of the project in a flash and indirectly get out incur the cost. As a solving, completely the expression strategy of rules mustiness bid a good and safe working environment for the role players.1.3 BackgroundWorking in the eddy berth is very jeopardyous. Most of the opening moves happen in structure effect atomic second 18 ca utilize by wish of vaning, carelessness, communication problem and not following basic baffleative rule during working in the rate.The comp either need to comply with any exigencys in addition to any security policy is to create them to divulgefit federal, state and local laws. rubber policy and regulations are use to train the gimmick worker for guard duty go fors and to censureing ab start hazards on the set during winding period. Nowadays, construction direct misadventures became serious and known is an authoritative to the organization gnarled. Most of the construction activity is difficult, dangerous, dirty, and considered as dangerous occupations compared with an some other(prenominal) theatrical role of industries. Most of the construction workers need to work in adverse defines during rain, heat, dust, hinderance and at night. Some of the construction billet fortuity happen is writ large work with the heavy machinery and theatrical production high above from the ground take. The most serious slashs happen are resulting in injuries and death. The machinery need to be earnestly handle and timely monitoring as it may admit the organization in high cost to repair and maintenance the machinery. Beside that the construction attach to impart become bad reputation and need to pay for medical checkup treatment for the construction workers that entangled in solidus during construction period. When an calamity happens, it should be immediate report to the office of Safety and Health department to ensure that the suitability action could be taken by the relevant organization. Fo r the inspection also need to be taken to identify the elements which cause the shot and the way to prevent it from happen again in the future. Construction worker need to report any injuries or accidents to their supervisors or Safety and Health plane section.1.4 Problem StatementSite accident is one of the important and key issues that seriously happen in the construction site that learn its daily operation using machineries at the construction site. The numbers of site accident occurred each year at the construction site and also increasing from either year resulted in varicapable cost items of the project. If the construction confederacy no way taken for prevention, it can become much serious and bad reputation to the construction accompany.1.5 Aim and ObjectiveTo engage the site synthetic rubber in construction site during the construction periodIn the scope of this investigate, it contains the following objectivesTo analysis of type of accident concomitant and cau ses of accident in the Malaysia construction siteTo training safe instruction and hazard in Malaysia construction siteTo identify the duties of various caller of the site asylum in construction siteResearch methodologyA subject field on site natural rubber in Malaysia construction siteTo force field arctic military personnelagement and hazard in Malaysia construction siteTo identify the duties of various troupe of the site condom in construction siteTo analysis of type of accident circumstance and causes of accident in the Malaysia construction site branch 1Literature Reviews(Secondary source)Stage 2Technique of Data Collection(Primary source, Questionnaires)Stage 3The conduct of Analysis and FindingsA fibre take up about the arouse guard system in commercial buildingA set of irresolution go away be distribute to the commercial buildings users to dertermine theier know takege about fire safeguardAn interview would be carry out to the fire sanctuary professional Stage 4Conclusion and RecommendationBefore conducting this assignment, an impound method to get the schooling is determined.InterviewWe also carry out interview to achieve our research goal. This is reason because it takes tail with interviewees known to take hold been involved on the previous experience on the site precaution in construction site in Malaysia. However, it needed to counseling on the interviewers that have experiences regarding the site sentry duty. The interview impart be carried out face to face with 1-10 consultants who having previous experiences of this site safety in construction site. The data sedate of interview will be summary and comp origin in addendum of my dissertation.QuestionnairesThe general research approach is based on questionnaires. This is chosen because it will enhance the knowledge for my research topic. The questionnaires will be given out to 1-15 respondents who are the contractor, supervisor, etc that involve in the site safety in construction site. Besides that, this is an effective alternative to interviews because it is enabling to increase the study in my research.Literature ReviewA literary productions come off is a life-sustaining and in depth evaluation of previous research. The main purposes of applying writings freshen method in my research are to achieve my goal and to ask the knowledge and ideas have been established with regarding to my topic. The literature review serves to demonstrate and to a greater extent chthonicstanding and knowledge of notional and research issues related to my topic. Related literature refers to writing in publication such as books, journals, magazines, articles, newspaper and purpose training on the internet. Further more, literature review helps and guide me to discovered more knowledge and helpful in my research.Case StudyCase study consists of a detailed investigation, often with data collected over a period of time, of phenomena, within the context. This method is useful for trying to test theoretical models by using them in real world situations. Basically, a case study is an in depth study of particular situation earlier than a statistical survey. The case study is also useful for scrutiny whether scientific theories and models actually work in the real world. Furthermore, I will plan and spirit how I am going to ad graze the study and founder sure that all collected data is relevant to my research topic which is site safety in construction site.1.7 Scope limit of studyThis study focuses on site safety in a Malaysian construction site. On the primary research, I will focus on the case study of according to my objectives which are review the biography of accident and study safety earthagement in construction site, and literature review of types of accident and hazard in construction site, duties of various party of the site safety in construction site. For my secondary research, I will do a questionnaire to TAR college SOT lecturers and Construction Company (related to site safety on construction site) in Kuala Lumpur only.The scope of this study is many another(prenominal) types in that location is literature review due to the quantity of published journals, article, textbooks and the information on the internet so that can find out the information according to my objectives within the special time frame. Besides that, the construction company which related to site safety in construction site in Malaysia need to get permission so that can go there to visit and get the information about site safety in construction site.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThe construction site involves a lot of operations which may be dangerous, risky and unhealthy. The number of injuries, accident, and work related illness will contribute to additional costs and delays on projects. Construction site is the most dangerous and hazardous compare with other type of industry. Nowadays, site accident is keep happened i n construction site and the accident circumstances is kept rising every year. When accident happens in construction site it will cause the project delay and deviation of project cost.In this chapter will discuss about the review accident particular and safety commission in Malaysia construction site. Site safety is very important because when accident happen on construction site not only people detriment and also will affect the project in term of cost and time.2.2 Type of accidents occurrence in Malaysia construction siteSite accident is an unplanned, unexpected and un commandlable occurrence, which results in injury or death to the construction workers damage the equipment. All accidents, heedless of the damage or loss of the nature, should be tie ined about. The accidents that not result damage to stuffs or equipment or injury to worker may prognostic future of unexpected accidents.Although site accident could not totally prevent from happening but still need to find the way to downplay the rate of accident by providing a safe working conditions and press on the use of safe working methods and procedures.In Malaysia, the number of accident occurring at the construction site is keep increasing every year due to the unpredictable reported. So the site accident has captured the attention and concern from the relevant organization. The table 1 show in below is the summary of major accident happen in Malaysia construction site.20052006200720081) Tower genus Grusbroke into dickensand shed ontofourIndonesianconstructionworkers at aconstructionsite building flatcarlocated at Batu14, Puchong.1) Landslideoccurred at aconstructionsite located atTaman Desa,Kuala Lumpurburied killed a35 year oldIndonesianman at about3.30pm whilehe wasworking on roughly iron steelbeamfoundationsfor the five block609unitscondominiumcomplexes.1) destruction of twoworkers andsevere injurieson ten workersat The PavillionKuala Lumpur,Jalan BukitBintangconstructionsite where thec ables of theworkmens liftat the poshcondominiumand shoppingcomplex projectsnapped andplummeted 15metres to theground.1) TwoMalaysianconstructionworkerswere buried alert byexcavatedsand pile in a3.6m-deepsewer trenchat TamanMerbauphase twoconstructionsite inChanglun2) Iron poseweighingalmost twotonnes fellfrom 20 storeycondominiumsunderconstructiononto Dr. LiewBoon HorngsBMW killedhim andseverely hurt hiswife and thedriver at PlazaDamas locatedalong JalanHartamas.2) Negligenceof threeconstructioncompanies, ledto the death ofanotherIndonesianworker on 15 may 2006located at Lot206, Section63, LorongBinjai where a32-storey of100 unitsapartment wasto be built.2) Death of twoMalaysianconstructionworkers, buriedalive fourmeters deep ina landslidewhile workingon the fencinglocated atTaman Merbau2, Fasa III atKubang, Pasu.2) 20five foreignworkersescapedwithoutmajorinjurieswhen thestructurethey werestandinggave way inone of theconstructionsites inKuching.3) Two sidescollapsed of a brace tha twas underconstruction at3.2 kilometersof the KlangValleyHighway thatcaused thedeath of twoBangladeshworkers.3) One foreignconstructionsite workerdied another assistantseverely injuredat theconstructionsite of theprestigious KK propagation Squarecommercialcomplex afterpiles of sandfell on them inKota Kinabalu.4) ThreeIndonesianconstructionworkers fellfromscaffolding totheir deathswhen theyslipped fromthe top floor ofa 21-storeycondominiumunderconstructionand come onthe fifth floor atTaman TampoiIndah5) Bricks fellfrom theconstructionsite in TamanBukit Angkasa,Kerinchi onseveral carsparked at the burn downby flatsduring a threehourdownpour6) Eight hugeconcrete beamswith ameasurement ofat least 40mlong and 70tonnes weightof anuncompletedflyover nearNilai collapsed,which narrowlymissed amotorist and hisaged parentsIn the construction site, it can be s abet that there are many unalike types of accidents occurred at the construction sites everyday during the construction period. The ty pes of accident in construction site, which are scaffolding, take root of people, struck by toping objects and so on. The Department of Occupational Safety and Health Ministry of Human Resources find out the rise of accident occurring almost every month in the year 2007 and 2008. travel of peopledropping of people also is the one of high percentage happening accidents in the construction site. People working in the construction site has the risk exposed to hit in any place of the site especially at the high level. Most of the worker fall from the higher level mostly resulted in death. The type of accident is eer happen in construction which is fall from scaffolding.CausesThe people who dropping from the higher level because neglect of safety measure at the construction site. The workers will not be protected by safety measure when accident occurs.According to the Vincent G. Bush in his Safety in the Construction fabrication OSHA, an incident can result in an accident if frigh t makes a man take dangerous action. For an example, if one scaffold rope fails, the man may be saved if he just hangs on. The other gross causes areImproper netting for scaffolding cause workers falls from the scaffold.The used of timber ladder is in paltry condition. The ladder may mixed-up and cause the worker fall downThe ladder is not unwaveringly fixed to prevent against slipping and slide movement.Inadequate lighting during construction of basement had caused many falling of construction workers.CasesCases 1http//cdn.theborneopost.com/newsimages/A2537.jpgSource Borneo convey Online December 29,2011, ThursdayConstruction siteKuchingEventThe workers body injury after falling down from the scaffolding .The accident happened at roughly 4pm when his colleague foot support him was standing on suddenly broke, create him fall to the ground.ConsequencesA construction worker was killed.2.2.3 PreventionFor the prevention of fall of people, there are two areas that must be showd during construction period. The two areas areScaffold protectionEvery construction worker on a scaffold more than 2 meter above a inflict level must be protected from falling to that level workers on a walkway situated within a scaffold must be protected by the use of a personal fall arrest system or guardrail system. It is important for those workers performing plastering and painting operation for using the scaffold. The guardrail system must be installed along all open sides and end of platforms, and they must be installed completely before the scaffold use by workers.Safety netThe safety net must be provided when the employments are more than 25 ft above the surface where the use, scaffold, catch platforms, temporary floors and so on. The safety net is required, shall not operate until the net is in place and has been tested. The safety net must ex play about 8 ft outside the edge of the work.The employer should provide a safety training plan for every worker who might be exp osed to fall hazards. The safety training must let every worker to be long-familiar the hazards of falling order to minimize these hazards. So that employer must assure that every construction worker been trained. Some critical hazard areas at the high-rise building construction like lift shaft and edge of the structure must also provide with a proper guardrail system.2.3 strike by falling objectsIt can be said that the events of struck by falling objects are quite same with the fall of people. The only affair different is falling objects may not necessary cause injured or fatality. Whereas, in fall of people it definitely caused injury or fatal of people.CausesNot proper netting for the scaffolding. Some workers may not hold the tools and equipment properly during superstructure work and cause the tools and equipment fall out from the netting.Falling of scaffolding components during the erection and dismantling.Not carry the work the proper manner. For instance, the workers pl ay a trick on the rubbish directly from the edge of the building at the high level as shown in Appendix. bodily fall during handling by the crane due to improper stackingThe too heavy load to carry in the handling will cause the broken of rope, where the rope is not able to withstand the loading. Thus falling of significant occur.The ropes used in the handling not securely tied are always cause the material fall during the operation.2.3.5 Causes of virguleAccident dont just happen, they are caused. According to Ridley 99 per cent of the accident are caused by either precarious acts or unsafe conditions or both (Ridley, 1986). As such, accidents could be prevented. The unsafe act is a violation of an accepted safe procedure which could permit the occurrence of an accident. The unsafe condition is a hazardous material condition or circumstances which could directly permit the occurrence of an accident. Most accident results from a combination of contributing causes and one or mo re unsafe acts and unsafe condition. Accident theories and models discussed in the previous section have evolved from merely blaming workers, conditions, machineries into wariness roles and responsibilities. Nowadays, accident models are being used to give out explain the causes of accident so that appropriate actions could be taken to make improvement. However, in order to effect permanent improvement, we must deal with the root causes of accident. A review of the literature indicates that finding the factors and causes that influence construction accidents has been the passion of many researchers. Kartam and Bouz (1998) did a study in Kuwaiti construction and noted that the causes of accidents were due to worker turnover and false acts inadequate safety performance improper cleaning and unusable materials destiny low tool maintenance supervisory dent and misplacing objects. Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) conducted a more comprehensive study in the USA and separate the causes i nto tender and physical factors. Human factors were due failed to secure and warn Failed to fall apart personal defensive equipment (PPE) horseplay operating equipment without authority operating at unsafe speed personal factor remove safety device serviced go and energized equipment took unsafe position or posture used defective tool or equipment and other unsafe action. While, physical factors were due to unsafe act of another person(s) disregard known prescribed procedures defects of accident source dress or apparel hazard environmental hazard fire hazard hazardous arrangement hazardous method housekeeping hazard improper assignment of personnel inadequately guarded public hazard and other unsafe conditions.Lubega et al (2000) did a study in Uganda and think the causes of accidents were chiefly due to wish of knowingness of safety regulations neediness of enforcement of safety regulations poor regard for safety by people involved in construction projects engaging incompete nt personnel non-vibrant professionalism mechanical failure of construction machinery/equipment physical and emotional stress and chemical impairment. Pipitsupaphol and Watanabe (2000) did a study in Thailand construction sites and classified the causes into the most influential factors i.e. unique nature of the industry course site conditions unsafe equipment unsafe methods valet de chambre elements and management factors. They further concluded that major immediate causes were due to failure to use personal restrictive equipment improper loading or placement of equipment or supplies failure to warn co-workers or to secure equipment and improper use of equipment.Toole (2002) also did a study in the USA and suggested that the causes of accidents were due to lack of proper training substandard enforcement of safety safety equipment not provided unsafe methods or sequencing unsafe site conditions not using provided safety equipment poor attitude toward safety and degage and sudde n deviation from prescribed behavior. Tam et al (2004) did a study in China and noticed that the causes of accidents were due poor safety sentience from top leaders lack of training poor safety awareness of project managers reluctance to input resources for safety reckless operation lack of certified skill labor poor equipment lack of first aid measures lack of rigorous enforcement of safety regulation lack of organisational commitment low education level of workers poor safety conscientiousness of workers lack of personal contraceptive equipment (PPE) ineffective operation of safety regulation lack of technical guidance lack of strict operational procedures lack of experience project managers shortfall of safety regulations lack of protection in material transportation lack of protection in material storage lack of teamwork spirits excessive overtime work for labor shortage of safety management manual lack of innovative technology and poor information flow.2.3.1 Accident Causat ion ModelsThe accident causality model is not a new model to determine the root causes of safety problems in the construction and other industries. The accident spring model is a tool that providing better industrial accident prevention program. As described by Heinrich (1980) accident prevention is an integral program, a series of coordinate activities, directed to the control of unsafe personal performance and unsafe mechanical conditions, and based on certain knowledge, attitudes, and abilities. The famous models that were developed that relate to accident causation are namely domino theory that was invented by Heinrich in 1930 and multiple causation theory that was developed by Petersen in 1971.2.3.4 Human Error TheoriesThe practice of this theory is pointed out that the worker as a major factor in the accident. This theory as mentioned by Abdelhamid (2000) studies the tendency of humans to make mistake in a variety of conditions and circumstances, with the blame mostly fall on human characteristics. This theory does not mean to blame the workers as the main problem for accident, other factors such as workplace design and tasks without considering the limitation of the worker as the reason why accident happened in construction site. The objective of human fracture theory is to establish a good design of workplace, tasks, and tools that suitable with human limitation. The theory is that it comes to human error theory, which is a model of patterns of behavior and human factors. Most of these theories describe that the human (worker) is the main problem caused an accident happen, which is permanent feature of human and human capacity overload and human conditions that often make mistake.2.4 Root Causes of AccidentThe root causes mean the main causes of accident happen in the construction site. There are some root causes of accident happen in the construction site. The causes of accident can separate in 4 parts, which arePeoples role physical composition and managementNature of construction industryMaterial and Equipment2.4.1 Peoples Role2.4.1.1 histrion Attitude and BehaviourOne of the roots causes of an accident is the poor attitude and bad demeanor of the workers which difficult to control (Teo et al., 2005). The fender manual workers in the industrialization of agriculture, and reduce the risk of awareness with the construction industry. Furthermore, most of the workers are low educated. Most of them are only concern with the contract wages than splendour of personal safety. This negative attitude and behaviour have stimulated most workers not to use the personal protective equipment during working on construction site. The reason of not putting their protective equipments is inconvenient for their operation. Rasmussen (1997) identified that 70%-80% of accidents happened arise from worker attitude and behaviour.2.4.1.2 Worker Attitude and BehaviourPrevious canvass have pointed out that the occasion play an important role in d etermined causation of an accident (Gibb, (1999, 2001) McKay et al., 2002 Loughborough University UMIST, 2003 Wright et al., 2003). The accident was mainly due to the widespread use of manual handling. As a result, it introduces a lot of manual handling hazards. For examples, cast unaltered method.Furthermore, the design complexity has dedicated to the causation of accident. The design complexity is referring to the mixed aesthetic qualities. Base on Loughborough University and UMIST (2003) studied, the more complexity of design tend to have a greater potential to influence accident occurrence in workplace.2.4.2 Organization and Management2.4.2.1 Poor Management Commitment afterwards the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), (2009b) conducted a survey, the result shown 75% of all fatal accidents in the building and civil engineering industries in the fall in Kingdom are caused by the ineffective of management. Nowadays, the contractor is more doctrine on the insurance, contractor tends to passed most of the damages and liability to insurance company (Lingard H, Rowlinson S, 1997). As a result, contractor may not provide appropriate training and focus on workplace safety and health issues. The workers involved in site activities may not be aware of the danger zone.In some cases, safety and health officers are threatened by their employer no to report an accident to Department Safety and Health (DOSH, 2011). many accidents do not report because the project manager is trying to cover up their own fault and protect company image. Normally, the safety management process require site supervisor to carry out on-the-scene(prenominal) inspection and prepare a number of safety and health checklist.However, many contractors only put in commitments on paper, act differently in the site (Ding et al., 2000). For examples, the OSHA 1994 personnel protective equipments record in Malaysia.2.4.2.2 Poor chat and CoordinationIn the construction site, the effective communicati on and information transfer betwixt management and staff are the effective way to reduce the number of accidents.However, there are many site workers came from foreign country. Some of the custody does not speak and understand native language. As a result, the safety committee need to convey the danger zone and potential accidents may occur on the site.Furthermore, Debrah YA, Ofori G (2001), the large number of involvement of sub-contractor, the possibility of accidents occurrence is increase as well. It is because going to increase the complexity in coordinate and control among the sub-contractor. Besides that, the main contractor may call down the safety responsibility toward sub-contractor without ensure the sub-contractor is capable to provide the safety workplace (Wilson, Kohen E, 2000).2.4.2.3 Company SizeThe company size has determined the implementation of safety and health within an organization. The big company has more budget and dogmatic system in allocation of resou rces for each department. As a result, the safety and health department have sufficient resources to implement and promote the importance of safety and health at the construction site. Unfortunately, the small company has limited and lack of budgets to implement the effective safety and health approaches within the construction site (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). For examples, a small contractor company cannot afford to provide a set of standard safety equipments for every workforce. A studied by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase.2.4.2.4 Poor Organization Safety CultureThe contractor fails to introduce the culture of safety among the members of the organization. The safety organization chart setup due to the purposes of the law require by the government. However, the safety and health officer does not have mandatory requirement for autonomy in the workplace (Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM)). It is because som e of the safety officer is employee for the contractor and developer.The researchers Diaz and Cabrera (1997) pointed out that an organizational climate is built up through the interaction of organizational factor and individual factors. Many studies had conducted (Coyle, Sleeman, Adams, 1995 Diaz and Cabrera, 1997 Felknor, 1997 Krispin, 1997 Seppala, 1992) the lower the score of a safety climate, the worst the safety performance. It is because the members within an organizational will never pay attention to the safety and health level. Beck Woolfson (1999), emphasize that it is important in control workforce beliefs, attitude and behaviours with regard to safety. As a result, poor organization safety culture is one of the roots causes lead to the occurrence of an accident.2.4.3 Nature of Construction Industry2.4.3.1 Economic and snip PressureEconomic and time pressure had come from the high read in property market (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). The developer required contractor to c omplete a construction project within a short period of time. In order to complete the project on time, the contractors relax rules and procedure for safety and health. For example, carry out reckless operations. Furthermore, the workforce is required to work overtime. It is easily to cause the accident due to the fatigue of worker (Haslam et al., 2005).2.4.3.2 Constantly changing WorksiteThe construction industry is not same to others type industry. For the manufacture industry, the workers resound and control the machine every day. However, construction industry involves the movement of manual workers in the workplace (Abel Pinto et al., 2009). The more movement in the site, the possibilities of accident will be keep increasing.2.4.3.3 Site RestrictionA restricted site has implied insufficient space on site. Thus, there is limited space for machine, build and storage of building material. The restricted site will have been introduced as an unexpected persistent cause of accide nts (Gibb, (1999, 2001) McKay et al., 2002 Loughborough University UMIST, 2003 Wright et al., 2003). A congested site condition not only implied of dual processing of work. However, it causes an accident as a result of a worker struck by a pitiful vehicle (HSE, 2009b).2.4.3.4 Worker SpecializationEvery construction project is involved structural, architectural, brick wall, ME and plumbing work. Each kind of