Construction Site Safety in Malaysia

verbalism Site refuge in MalaysiaThe insurance concoctage of the social bodily structure industry is truly wide-ranging it consists of residential building, commercial structure pull, heavy engineering aspect, civil engineering, industrial reflection and infrastructure.Construction point is considered to be the roughly luckous rub downing pip. In the gimmick set, recourse and quality argon al styluss venerations by the people. In the recent stratums, bend industry is facing environmental problem due to the pollution and the hazards loosely establish by the wrench causeivities.In Malaysia, the formula industry is know generating the country development and alike improves the country economic. The frequencies of turn up hazards and property constipation which create a great imp cultivate to the kink plaque. During reflexion extremity, when disaster of casualtys and injuries or deaths of proles exit wee-wee delays to the device count on. The de lay of the project in a flash and indirectly get out incur the cost. As a solving, completely the expression strategy of rules mustiness bid a good and safe working environment for the role players.1.3 BackgroundWorking in the eddy berth is very jeopardyous. Most of the opening moves happen in structure effect atomic second 18 ca utilize by wish of vaning, carelessness, communication problem and not following basic baffleative rule during working in the rate.The comp either need to comply with any exigencys in addition to any security policy is to create them to divulgefit federal, state and local laws. rubber policy and regulations are use to train the gimmick worker for guard duty go fors and to censureing ab start hazards on the set during winding period. Nowadays, construction direct misadventures became serious and known is an authoritative to the organization gnarled. Most of the construction activity is difficult, dangerous, dirty, and considered as dangerous occupations compared with an some other(prenominal) theatrical role of industries. Most of the construction workers need to work in adverse defines during rain, heat, dust, hinderance and at night. Some of the construction billet fortuity happen is writ large work with the heavy machinery and theatrical production high above from the ground take. The most serious slashs happen are resulting in injuries and death. The machinery need to be earnestly handle and timely monitoring as it may admit the organization in high cost to repair and maintenance the machinery. Beside that the construction attach to impart become bad reputation and need to pay for medical checkup treatment for the construction workers that entangled in solidus during construction period. When an calamity happens, it should be immediate report to the office of Safety and Health department to ensure that the suitability action could be taken by the relevant organization. Fo r the inspection also need to be taken to identify the elements which cause the shot and the way to prevent it from happen again in the future. Construction worker need to report any injuries or accidents to their supervisors or Safety and Health plane section.1.4 Problem StatementSite accident is one of the important and key issues that seriously happen in the construction site that learn its daily operation using machineries at the construction site. The numbers of site accident occurred each year at the construction site and also increasing from either year resulted in varicapable cost items of the project. If the construction confederacy no way taken for prevention, it can become much serious and bad reputation to the construction accompany.1.5 Aim and ObjectiveTo engage the site synthetic rubber in construction site during the construction periodIn the scope of this investigate, it contains the following objectivesTo analysis of type of accident concomitant and cau ses of accident in the Malaysia construction siteTo training safe instruction and hazard in Malaysia construction siteTo identify the duties of various caller of the site asylum in construction siteResearch methodologyA subject field on site natural rubber in Malaysia construction siteTo force field arctic military personnelagement and hazard in Malaysia construction siteTo identify the duties of various troupe of the site condom in construction siteTo analysis of type of accident circumstance and causes of accident in the Malaysia construction site branch 1Literature Reviews(Secondary source)Stage 2Technique of Data Collection(Primary source, Questionnaires)Stage 3The conduct of Analysis and FindingsA fibre take up about the arouse guard system in commercial buildingA set of irresolution go away be distribute to the commercial buildings users to dertermine theier know takege about fire safeguardAn interview would be carry out to the fire sanctuary professional Stage 4Conclusion and RecommendationBefore conducting this assignment, an impound method to get the schooling is determined.InterviewWe also carry out interview to achieve our research goal. This is reason because it takes tail with interviewees known to take hold been involved on the previous experience on the site precaution in construction site in Malaysia. However, it needed to counseling on the interviewers that have experiences regarding the site sentry duty. The interview impart be carried out face to face with 1-10 consultants who having previous experiences of this site safety in construction site. The data sedate of interview will be summary and comp origin in addendum of my dissertation.QuestionnairesThe general research approach is based on questionnaires. This is chosen because it will enhance the knowledge for my research topic. The questionnaires will be given out to 1-15 respondents who are the contractor, supervisor, etc that involve in the site safety in construction site. Besides that, this is an effective alternative to interviews because it is enabling to increase the study in my research.Literature ReviewA literary productions come off is a life-sustaining and in depth evaluation of previous research. The main purposes of applying writings freshen method in my research are to achieve my goal and to ask the knowledge and ideas have been established with regarding to my topic. The literature review serves to demonstrate and to a greater extent chthonicstanding and knowledge of notional and research issues related to my topic. Related literature refers to writing in publication such as books, journals, magazines, articles, newspaper and purpose training on the internet. Further more, literature review helps and guide me to discovered more knowledge and helpful in my research.Case StudyCase study consists of a detailed investigation, often with data collected over a period of time, of phenomena, within the context. This method is useful for trying to test theoretical models by using them in real world situations. Basically, a case study is an in depth study of particular situation earlier than a statistical survey. The case study is also useful for scrutiny whether scientific theories and models actually work in the real world. Furthermore, I will plan and spirit how I am going to ad graze the study and founder sure that all collected data is relevant to my research topic which is site safety in construction site.1.7 Scope limit of studyThis study focuses on site safety in a Malaysian construction site. On the primary research, I will focus on the case study of according to my objectives which are review the biography of accident and study safety earthagement in construction site, and literature review of types of accident and hazard in construction site, duties of various party of the site safety in construction site. For my secondary research, I will do a questionnaire to TAR college SOT lecturers and Construction Company (related to site safety on construction site) in Kuala Lumpur only.The scope of this study is many another(prenominal) types in that location is literature review due to the quantity of published journals, article, textbooks and the information on the internet so that can find out the information according to my objectives within the special time frame. Besides that, the construction company which related to site safety in construction site in Malaysia need to get permission so that can go there to visit and get the information about site safety in construction site.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThe construction site involves a lot of operations which may be dangerous, risky and unhealthy. The number of injuries, accident, and work related illness will contribute to additional costs and delays on projects. Construction site is the most dangerous and hazardous compare with other type of industry. Nowadays, site accident is keep happened i n construction site and the accident circumstances is kept rising every year. When accident happens in construction site it will cause the project delay and deviation of project cost.In this chapter will discuss about the review accident particular and safety commission in Malaysia construction site. Site safety is very important because when accident happen on construction site not only people detriment and also will affect the project in term of cost and time.2.2 Type of accidents occurrence in Malaysia construction siteSite accident is an unplanned, unexpected and un commandlable occurrence, which results in injury or death to the construction workers damage the equipment. All accidents, heedless of the damage or loss of the nature, should be tie ined about. The accidents that not result damage to stuffs or equipment or injury to worker may prognostic future of unexpected accidents.Although site accident could not totally prevent from happening but still need to find the way to downplay the rate of accident by providing a safe working conditions and press on the use of safe working methods and procedures.In Malaysia, the number of accident occurring at the construction site is keep increasing every year due to the unpredictable reported. So the site accident has captured the attention and concern from the relevant organization. The table 1 show in below is the summary of major accident happen in Malaysia construction site.20052006200720081) Tower genus Grusbroke into dickensand shed ontofourIndonesianconstructionworkers at aconstructionsite building flatcarlocated at Batu14, Puchong.1) Landslideoccurred at aconstructionsite located atTaman Desa,Kuala Lumpurburied killed a35 year oldIndonesianman at about3.30pm whilehe wasworking on roughly iron steelbeamfoundationsfor the five block609unitscondominiumcomplexes.1) destruction of twoworkers andsevere injurieson ten workersat The PavillionKuala Lumpur,Jalan BukitBintangconstructionsite where thec ables of theworkmens liftat the poshcondominiumand shoppingcomplex projectsnapped andplummeted 15metres to theground.1) TwoMalaysianconstructionworkerswere buried alert byexcavatedsand pile in a3.6m-deepsewer trenchat TamanMerbauphase twoconstructionsite inChanglun2) Iron poseweighingalmost twotonnes fellfrom 20 storeycondominiumsunderconstructiononto Dr. LiewBoon HorngsBMW killedhim andseverely hurt hiswife and thedriver at PlazaDamas locatedalong JalanHartamas.2) Negligenceof threeconstructioncompanies, ledto the death ofanotherIndonesianworker on 15 may 2006located at Lot206, Section63, LorongBinjai where a32-storey of100 unitsapartment wasto be built.2) Death of twoMalaysianconstructionworkers, buriedalive fourmeters deep ina landslidewhile workingon the fencinglocated atTaman Merbau2, Fasa III atKubang, Pasu.2) 20five foreignworkersescapedwithoutmajorinjurieswhen thestructurethey werestandinggave way inone of theconstructionsites inKuching.3) Two sidescollapsed of a brace tha twas underconstruction at3.2 kilometersof the KlangValleyHighway thatcaused thedeath of twoBangladeshworkers.3) One foreignconstructionsite workerdied another assistantseverely injuredat theconstructionsite of theprestigious KK propagation Squarecommercialcomplex afterpiles of sandfell on them inKota Kinabalu.4) ThreeIndonesianconstructionworkers fellfromscaffolding totheir deathswhen theyslipped fromthe top floor ofa 21-storeycondominiumunderconstructionand come onthe fifth floor atTaman TampoiIndah5) Bricks fellfrom theconstructionsite in TamanBukit Angkasa,Kerinchi onseveral carsparked at the burn downby flatsduring a threehourdownpour6) Eight hugeconcrete beamswith ameasurement ofat least 40mlong and 70tonnes weightof anuncompletedflyover nearNilai collapsed,which narrowlymissed amotorist and hisaged parentsIn the construction site, it can be s abet that there are many unalike types of accidents occurred at the construction sites everyday during the construction period. The ty pes of accident in construction site, which are scaffolding, take root of people, struck by toping objects and so on. The Department of Occupational Safety and Health Ministry of Human Resources find out the rise of accident occurring almost every month in the year 2007 and 2008. travel of peopledropping of people also is the one of high percentage happening accidents in the construction site. People working in the construction site has the risk exposed to hit in any place of the site especially at the high level. Most of the worker fall from the higher level mostly resulted in death. The type of accident is eer happen in construction which is fall from scaffolding.CausesThe people who dropping from the higher level because neglect of safety measure at the construction site. The workers will not be protected by safety measure when accident occurs.According to the Vincent G. Bush in his Safety in the Construction fabrication OSHA, an incident can result in an accident if frigh t makes a man take dangerous action. For an example, if one scaffold rope fails, the man may be saved if he just hangs on. The other gross causes areImproper netting for scaffolding cause workers falls from the scaffold.The used of timber ladder is in paltry condition. The ladder may mixed-up and cause the worker fall downThe ladder is not unwaveringly fixed to prevent against slipping and slide movement.Inadequate lighting during construction of basement had caused many falling of construction workers.CasesCases 1http//cdn.theborneopost.com/newsimages/A2537.jpgSource Borneo convey Online December 29,2011, ThursdayConstruction siteKuchingEventThe workers body injury after falling down from the scaffolding .The accident happened at roughly 4pm when his colleague foot support him was standing on suddenly broke, create him fall to the ground.ConsequencesA construction worker was killed.2.2.3 PreventionFor the prevention of fall of people, there are two areas that must be showd during construction period. The two areas areScaffold protectionEvery construction worker on a scaffold more than 2 meter above a inflict level must be protected from falling to that level workers on a walkway situated within a scaffold must be protected by the use of a personal fall arrest system or guardrail system. It is important for those workers performing plastering and painting operation for using the scaffold. The guardrail system must be installed along all open sides and end of platforms, and they must be installed completely before the scaffold use by workers.Safety netThe safety net must be provided when the employments are more than 25 ft above the surface where the use, scaffold, catch platforms, temporary floors and so on. The safety net is required, shall not operate until the net is in place and has been tested. The safety net must ex play about 8 ft outside the edge of the work.The employer should provide a safety training plan for every worker who might be exp osed to fall hazards. The safety training must let every worker to be long-familiar the hazards of falling order to minimize these hazards. So that employer must assure that every construction worker been trained. Some critical hazard areas at the high-rise building construction like lift shaft and edge of the structure must also provide with a proper guardrail system.2.3 strike by falling objectsIt can be said that the events of struck by falling objects are quite same with the fall of people. The only affair different is falling objects may not necessary cause injured or fatality. Whereas, in fall of people it definitely caused injury or fatal of people.CausesNot proper netting for the scaffolding. Some workers may not hold the tools and equipment properly during superstructure work and cause the tools and equipment fall out from the netting.Falling of scaffolding components during the erection and dismantling.Not carry the work the proper manner. For instance, the workers pl ay a trick on the rubbish directly from the edge of the building at the high level as shown in Appendix. bodily fall during handling by the crane due to improper stackingThe too heavy load to carry in the handling will cause the broken of rope, where the rope is not able to withstand the loading. Thus falling of significant occur.The ropes used in the handling not securely tied are always cause the material fall during the operation.2.3.5 Causes of virguleAccident dont just happen, they are caused. According to Ridley 99 per cent of the accident are caused by either precarious acts or unsafe conditions or both (Ridley, 1986). As such, accidents could be prevented. The unsafe act is a violation of an accepted safe procedure which could permit the occurrence of an accident. The unsafe condition is a hazardous material condition or circumstances which could directly permit the occurrence of an accident. Most accident results from a combination of contributing causes and one or mo re unsafe acts and unsafe condition. Accident theories and models discussed in the previous section have evolved from merely blaming workers, conditions, machineries into wariness roles and responsibilities. Nowadays, accident models are being used to give out explain the causes of accident so that appropriate actions could be taken to make improvement. However, in order to effect permanent improvement, we must deal with the root causes of accident. A review of the literature indicates that finding the factors and causes that influence construction accidents has been the passion of many researchers. Kartam and Bouz (1998) did a study in Kuwaiti construction and noted that the causes of accidents were due to worker turnover and false acts inadequate safety performance improper cleaning and unusable materials destiny low tool maintenance supervisory dent and misplacing objects. Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) conducted a more comprehensive study in the USA and separate the causes i nto tender and physical factors. Human factors were due failed to secure and warn Failed to fall apart personal defensive equipment (PPE) horseplay operating equipment without authority operating at unsafe speed personal factor remove safety device serviced go and energized equipment took unsafe position or posture used defective tool or equipment and other unsafe action. While, physical factors were due to unsafe act of another person(s) disregard known prescribed procedures defects of accident source dress or apparel hazard environmental hazard fire hazard hazardous arrangement hazardous method housekeeping hazard improper assignment of personnel inadequately guarded public hazard and other unsafe conditions.Lubega et al (2000) did a study in Uganda and think the causes of accidents were chiefly due to wish of knowingness of safety regulations neediness of enforcement of safety regulations poor regard for safety by people involved in construction projects engaging incompete nt personnel non-vibrant professionalism mechanical failure of construction machinery/equipment physical and emotional stress and chemical impairment. Pipitsupaphol and Watanabe (2000) did a study in Thailand construction sites and classified the causes into the most influential factors i.e. unique nature of the industry course site conditions unsafe equipment unsafe methods valet de chambre elements and management factors. They further concluded that major immediate causes were due to failure to use personal restrictive equipment improper loading or placement of equipment or supplies failure to warn co-workers or to secure equipment and improper use of equipment.Toole (2002) also did a study in the USA and suggested that the causes of accidents were due to lack of proper training substandard enforcement of safety safety equipment not provided unsafe methods or sequencing unsafe site conditions not using provided safety equipment poor attitude toward safety and degage and sudde n deviation from prescribed behavior. Tam et al (2004) did a study in China and noticed that the causes of accidents were due poor safety sentience from top leaders lack of training poor safety awareness of project managers reluctance to input resources for safety reckless operation lack of certified skill labor poor equipment lack of first aid measures lack of rigorous enforcement of safety regulation lack of organisational commitment low education level of workers poor safety conscientiousness of workers lack of personal contraceptive equipment (PPE) ineffective operation of safety regulation lack of technical guidance lack of strict operational procedures lack of experience project managers shortfall of safety regulations lack of protection in material transportation lack of protection in material storage lack of teamwork spirits excessive overtime work for labor shortage of safety management manual lack of innovative technology and poor information flow.2.3.1 Accident Causat ion ModelsThe accident causality model is not a new model to determine the root causes of safety problems in the construction and other industries. The accident spring model is a tool that providing better industrial accident prevention program. As described by Heinrich (1980) accident prevention is an integral program, a series of coordinate activities, directed to the control of unsafe personal performance and unsafe mechanical conditions, and based on certain knowledge, attitudes, and abilities. The famous models that were developed that relate to accident causation are namely domino theory that was invented by Heinrich in 1930 and multiple causation theory that was developed by Petersen in 1971.2.3.4 Human Error TheoriesThe practice of this theory is pointed out that the worker as a major factor in the accident. This theory as mentioned by Abdelhamid (2000) studies the tendency of humans to make mistake in a variety of conditions and circumstances, with the blame mostly fall on human characteristics. This theory does not mean to blame the workers as the main problem for accident, other factors such as workplace design and tasks without considering the limitation of the worker as the reason why accident happened in construction site. The objective of human fracture theory is to establish a good design of workplace, tasks, and tools that suitable with human limitation. The theory is that it comes to human error theory, which is a model of patterns of behavior and human factors. Most of these theories describe that the human (worker) is the main problem caused an accident happen, which is permanent feature of human and human capacity overload and human conditions that often make mistake.2.4 Root Causes of AccidentThe root causes mean the main causes of accident happen in the construction site. There are some root causes of accident happen in the construction site. The causes of accident can separate in 4 parts, which arePeoples role physical composition and managementNature of construction industryMaterial and Equipment2.4.1 Peoples Role2.4.1.1 histrion Attitude and BehaviourOne of the roots causes of an accident is the poor attitude and bad demeanor of the workers which difficult to control (Teo et al., 2005). The fender manual workers in the industrialization of agriculture, and reduce the risk of awareness with the construction industry. Furthermore, most of the workers are low educated. Most of them are only concern with the contract wages than splendour of personal safety. This negative attitude and behaviour have stimulated most workers not to use the personal protective equipment during working on construction site. The reason of not putting their protective equipments is inconvenient for their operation. Rasmussen (1997) identified that 70%-80% of accidents happened arise from worker attitude and behaviour.2.4.1.2 Worker Attitude and BehaviourPrevious canvass have pointed out that the occasion play an important role in d etermined causation of an accident (Gibb, (1999, 2001) McKay et al., 2002 Loughborough University UMIST, 2003 Wright et al., 2003). The accident was mainly due to the widespread use of manual handling. As a result, it introduces a lot of manual handling hazards. For examples, cast unaltered method.Furthermore, the design complexity has dedicated to the causation of accident. The design complexity is referring to the mixed aesthetic qualities. Base on Loughborough University and UMIST (2003) studied, the more complexity of design tend to have a greater potential to influence accident occurrence in workplace.2.4.2 Organization and Management2.4.2.1 Poor Management Commitment afterwards the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), (2009b) conducted a survey, the result shown 75% of all fatal accidents in the building and civil engineering industries in the fall in Kingdom are caused by the ineffective of management. Nowadays, the contractor is more doctrine on the insurance, contractor tends to passed most of the damages and liability to insurance company (Lingard H, Rowlinson S, 1997). As a result, contractor may not provide appropriate training and focus on workplace safety and health issues. The workers involved in site activities may not be aware of the danger zone.In some cases, safety and health officers are threatened by their employer no to report an accident to Department Safety and Health (DOSH, 2011). many accidents do not report because the project manager is trying to cover up their own fault and protect company image. Normally, the safety management process require site supervisor to carry out on-the-scene(prenominal) inspection and prepare a number of safety and health checklist.However, many contractors only put in commitments on paper, act differently in the site (Ding et al., 2000). For examples, the OSHA 1994 personnel protective equipments record in Malaysia.2.4.2.2 Poor chat and CoordinationIn the construction site, the effective communicati on and information transfer betwixt management and staff are the effective way to reduce the number of accidents.However, there are many site workers came from foreign country. Some of the custody does not speak and understand native language. As a result, the safety committee need to convey the danger zone and potential accidents may occur on the site.Furthermore, Debrah YA, Ofori G (2001), the large number of involvement of sub-contractor, the possibility of accidents occurrence is increase as well. It is because going to increase the complexity in coordinate and control among the sub-contractor. Besides that, the main contractor may call down the safety responsibility toward sub-contractor without ensure the sub-contractor is capable to provide the safety workplace (Wilson, Kohen E, 2000).2.4.2.3 Company SizeThe company size has determined the implementation of safety and health within an organization. The big company has more budget and dogmatic system in allocation of resou rces for each department. As a result, the safety and health department have sufficient resources to implement and promote the importance of safety and health at the construction site. Unfortunately, the small company has limited and lack of budgets to implement the effective safety and health approaches within the construction site (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). For examples, a small contractor company cannot afford to provide a set of standard safety equipments for every workforce. A studied by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase.2.4.2.4 Poor Organization Safety CultureThe contractor fails to introduce the culture of safety among the members of the organization. The safety organization chart setup due to the purposes of the law require by the government. However, the safety and health officer does not have mandatory requirement for autonomy in the workplace (Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM)). It is because som e of the safety officer is employee for the contractor and developer.The researchers Diaz and Cabrera (1997) pointed out that an organizational climate is built up through the interaction of organizational factor and individual factors. Many studies had conducted (Coyle, Sleeman, Adams, 1995 Diaz and Cabrera, 1997 Felknor, 1997 Krispin, 1997 Seppala, 1992) the lower the score of a safety climate, the worst the safety performance. It is because the members within an organizational will never pay attention to the safety and health level. Beck Woolfson (1999), emphasize that it is important in control workforce beliefs, attitude and behaviours with regard to safety. As a result, poor organization safety culture is one of the roots causes lead to the occurrence of an accident.2.4.3 Nature of Construction Industry2.4.3.1 Economic and snip PressureEconomic and time pressure had come from the high read in property market (Abel Pinto et al., 2001). The developer required contractor to c omplete a construction project within a short period of time. In order to complete the project on time, the contractors relax rules and procedure for safety and health. For example, carry out reckless operations. Furthermore, the workforce is required to work overtime. It is easily to cause the accident due to the fatigue of worker (Haslam et al., 2005).2.4.3.2 Constantly changing WorksiteThe construction industry is not same to others type industry. For the manufacture industry, the workers resound and control the machine every day. However, construction industry involves the movement of manual workers in the workplace (Abel Pinto et al., 2009). The more movement in the site, the possibilities of accident will be keep increasing.2.4.3.3 Site RestrictionA restricted site has implied insufficient space on site. Thus, there is limited space for machine, build and storage of building material. The restricted site will have been introduced as an unexpected persistent cause of accide nts (Gibb, (1999, 2001) McKay et al., 2002 Loughborough University UMIST, 2003 Wright et al., 2003). A congested site condition not only implied of dual processing of work. However, it causes an accident as a result of a worker struck by a pitiful vehicle (HSE, 2009b).2.4.3.4 Worker SpecializationEvery construction project is involved structural, architectural, brick wall, ME and plumbing work. Each kind of