Franklin Founding Father In American History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 867 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Benjamin Franklin Essay Did you like this example? Benjamin Franklin was a very influential, founding father in American history. He was a skilled author, salesmen, scientist, inventor, diplomat, and publisher. He invented many advanced things and helped early America thrive. Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in Boston, Massachusetts. Franklinrs was eighth and the first son out of seventeen siblings. His father was a candle and a soap maker and did not make a lot of money. Franklin learned how to read and write at a very young age. He spent one year in elementary school and another year with a private teacher. His education ended at 10, but he still kept on learning. Franklin taught himself the basic algebra, geometry, grammar, logic, and even science. After he ended his professional schooling he was apprenticed by his older brother James at age 12 as a printer. He then mastered the art of printing and thought of pursuing it as his career. At the age of 17, Franklin ran away and decided to start an apprenticeship in Philadelphia where he started work as a printer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Franklin: Founding Father In American History" essay for you Create order Franklin worked at various printers in London, England, and Philadelphia. He found a job very fast in Philadelphia. While working at the shop Franklin decided to start writing essays for his brothers daily newspaper, under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. Franklin would slip his essays under the printing shop door so that nobody would know that it was him. Years after, skipping from printing shop to printing shop, he became the owner of his own newspaper company, The New England Courant. Many citizens contributed to the stories in his newspaper. In Philadelphia, Franklinrs good friend James Ralph introduced him to Deborah Read. The next week Franklin and Ralph set off to London in search of opportunity. Franklin found a job very quickly in London as a writer. He wrote many books while staying in London. His books include A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity and Pleasure and Pain (1725). He also wrote a pamphlet inspired by William Wollastonrs pamphlet, The Religion of Nature Delineated. It was a very meaningful and powerful pamphlet. Franklin later disliked the pamphlet so he burned every single copy except one, that one he would keep for himself. By 1776 Franklin was tired of London and wanted to go somewhere else. Then Thomas Denham, who was a Quaker merchant, offered him a job in his store in Philadelphia with a hope of fat commissions in the West Indian trade. Franklin then decided to return home. When he returned home Benjamin Franklin decided to marry Deborah Read. They together had three kids, William, Sarah, and Franky. Sarah sadly died at the age of four due to illness and later Deborah died in 1774. Benjamin Franklin was very interested in the sciences, he loved studying about how things were made and how they worked. One winter day Franklin and three of his friends decided to start investigating electricity and how it worked. He and his friends conducted many experiments and spent lots of time researching. Franklin would send reports and ideas to Peter Collinson, his Quaker partner in London. In 1751, Franklin and Collinsonrs papers were published in Experiments and Observations and Electricity. One of Franklinrs most famous experiments was him flying a kite in a thunderstorm. He had many findings of how electricity works. According to britannica.com, He created the differences between insulators and conductors. He even invented a battery for storing electrical charges. , invented new words for the science of electricity such as, conductor, condense and electrify, showed that electricity was a single fluid with positive and negative charges and not two kinds of fluids, demonstrated that the plus and minus charges, or states of electrification of bodies, had to occur in exactly equal amounts. In 1748, Franklin joined the Philadelphia city council. Then in 1751, he became a city alderman and a member of the Pennsylvania assembly. Franklin had big thoughts for this country and how it could be like England. In 1757, he went to England as the head of the Pennsylvania assembly, in order to get the family of William Penn to allow the colonial legislature to tax their ungranted lands. But Franklin and some of his colleagues had a different plan. They wanted to make the Penn family the rulers Pennsylvania colony and make that colony a royal providence. He was unsuccessful but tried to keep on pushing. When he arrived back in Philadelphia he was immediately elected to the second continental congress. Many people disliked him because he was a loyalist but he never stopped fighting. Franklin did a lot of work during those years and helped start the first American government. He died on April 17, 1790, at the age of 84, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. More than 200,000 people attended his funeral and he was buried at Philadelphias Christ Church Cemetery. In Franklinrs will, he left a lot of money which was later used to start a science museum and fun school scholarships. Now 200 years later Benjamin Franklin appears on the $100, and in towns and schools in the U.S. Benjamin Franklin invented many things and helped discover new things. He also wrote many detailed books and many newspaper articles. Most importantly he helped start the American government and risk his life for his country.

Essay on Virtue Ethics - 900 Words

Virtue, when I hear that word I think of value and morality and only good people can be virtuous. When I hear the word ethics I think of good versus evil, wrong and right. Now when the two are put together you get virtue ethics. You may wonder what can virtue ethics possibly mean. It’s just two words put together to form some type of fancy theory. Well this paper will discuss virtue ethics and the philosophy behind it. Virtue ethics is a theory that focuses on character development and what virtues one should obtain to be who they are supposed to be, as oppose to actions. An example of virtue ethics would be someone who is patient, kind, loving, generous, temperance, courage and flourishing as oppose to a person who lies, cheats, and†¦show more content†¦Moral relativism explains a point that when it comes to morals, right or wrong, people have their own opinion. Not everyone will think something is bad and not everyone will think something is good. The difference between moral relativism and virtue ethics is that actions do not matter. It is the type of person you are on the inside. Who you are on the inside will help you make righteous decisions, regardless of the circumstances. â€Å"An ethics focused on virtue encourages us to develop the good traits and get rid of the bad ones (Mackinnon).† Virtue ethics was written by a Greek philosopher names Aristotle. Aristotle believed that every human’s goal was happiness. Some philosophers argued that happiness only came from following a set of rules, while Aristotle argued that the best way to have happiness is to cultivate a virtuous character. The two kinds of virtues he recognized were moral virtue and intellectual virtue. The virtue that should be focused on to develop a virtuous character is moral virtue. According to Aristotle, while we are born with a capacity to be virtuous, being virtuous is like a skill that we need to learn and practice to be good at. The key element to being virtuous is being able to find the mean or right amount of our various emotions, dispositions, and actions. Aristotle wrote: â€Å"Anybody can become angry- that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree and at the right time and forShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics1796 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough Hursthouse accepts that virtue ethics ‘†¦cannot tell us what we should do’, she nonetheless reasons in a different way to show how virtue ethics aids us. Furthermore, Hursthouse would refute virtue ethics being insufficiently action-guiding because we have v-rules in the form of virtues and vices to provide action-guidance (Hursthouse, 1999). Elizabeth Anscombe in ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958) also contributed to virtue ethics and put forward the idea that modern moral philosophy is misguidedRead MoreVirtue Ethics And Care Ethics1938 Words   |  8 Pagesparticular—virtue ethics and care ethics, have continued to catch much attention since the mid-twentieth century. Although each of these theories are often associated with one another, they both contain their own distinct philosophies. As a result, it is important to clearly understand what each theory entails before concluding that one is derived from the other. Although virtue ethics and care ethics share similar beliefs and rejections, virtue ethics is clearly separate from care ethics. VirtueRead MoreVirtue Ethics1184 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Virtue ethics is a theory used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or culture; it only depends on the individuals themselves. The main philosopher of Virtue Ethics is Aristotle. His theory was originally introduced in ancient Greek times. Aristotle was a great believer in virtues and the meaning of virtue to him meant being able to fulfil ones functions. Virtue ethics is not so much interested in the question What should I do? but rather in theRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics1502 Words   |  7 PagesVirtue ethics is a philosophical theory that focuses on what sort of person one should be, instead of on actions. Aristotle focuses greatly on virtue ethics in his writing, and is a strong believer in a moral person being one of virtue. He is seen as the person whodeveloped the theory. Unlike some of the other ethical theories, virtue ethics focuses on what makes a life moral, not so much how to become moral, or behave morally. For example, utilitarianism questions how one should act in certain situationsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics925 Words   |  4 PagesVirtue ethics is a normative theory whose foundations were laid by Aristotle. This theory approaches normative ethics in substantially different ways than consequentialist and deontological theories. In this essay, I will contrast and compare virtue ethics to utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and Kantianism to demonstrate these differences. There is one fundamental aspect of virtue ethics that sets it apart from the other theories I will discuss. For the sake of brevity and to avoid redundancy, I willRead MoreEthics Of Caring And Virtue910 Words   |  4 PagesEthics of Caring and Virtue Ethics of virtue is the belief that if a person wants to be considered good, they do good things (Pollock, 1988). In ethics of virtue, happiness is always the outcome of a situation. The main premise of virtue theory lies upon three main principles; virtues, practical wisdom and eudemonia. A virtue is a mean state which lays between two vices. A virtue is a characteristic a virtuous person possesses, for example courage. Courage is a virtue which lays between cowardiceRead MoreEthics, Deontological, And Virtue1690 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, we are all expected to be more open-minded and respecting of others way of life and culture. That’s what being a Global Citizen is about. Through Global Ethics we have learned so far, that we can all relate to three important moral theories. These theories are known as Consequentialist (Utilitarian), Deontological, and Virtue. Through this paper I will also be discussing a case study found in chapter two, based on the Selling of Human Body Parts, and how it’s seen through the lenses ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Virtue Ethics Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages‘Virtue ethics’, is an agent-centred approach in normative ethics that stresses the importance of moral characters and virtues, which is unlike the two other major approaches in the field (Hursthouse, 2013) . Deontology rather emphasises the use of duties and rules, and utilitarianism emphasises the importance of consequences of one’s actions (Hursthouse, 2001). Aristotle’s (2009) theory of virtue ethics is the most widely recognised, he believes that the virtuous person is one who exhibits desirableRead MoreWhy Is Virtue Ethics?1881 Words   |  8 PagesWhen considering virtue ethics, the focus of an individual’s morality is based on their character rather than any one of their specific actions. When confronted with a difficult situation virtue ethicist would strive to always act virtuously, or as someone with idea l character traits would. Aristotle defined these ideal character traits as traits that are derived â€Å"from natural internal tendencies†, and that these traits â€Å"need to be nurtured; however, once established, they will become stable.† [1]Read MoreAn Argument On Virtue Ethics Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pageswould do. However, this response fails to recognize that certainty is not just In this paper, I will critically examine Rosalind Hursthouse’s argument on â€Å"Virtue Ethics† about the reasoning of a virtuous person by delving into the topic. I will then expose a particular problem within it. Perhaps the strongest point of the argument on â€Å"Virtue Ethics† that Hursthouse gives relies on the claim of moral philosophy. Moral philosophy claims that a virtuous person would act and make decisions like what a virtuous

The people of Jamaica Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction: Whenever people talk of Jamaica what ever registers is a holiday hideout in the Caribbean. We are reminded of great cheery conditions. frolicking in the sand and beautiful hotels all designed to handle invitees in ways merely Jamaican’s can featherbed. The resorts in Jamaica are known the universe over to function newlyweds. those out on holidaies and even retirees out to fling on the natural beauty of Montego Bay. Jamaica welcomes over a million tourers into its shores each twelvemonth and they are treated to diverse finishs to Negril. Ocho Rios or travel to Kingston the capital metropolis ( About Jamaica. 2005 ) . Actually Jamaica is an island state and portion of the Greater Antilles country within the Caribbean Sea. The island is 234 kilometres in length with a comprehensiveness of around 80 kilometres. It is located nor-east of Central America. South of Cuba and west of Hispaniola – the island of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Furthermore. it is the 3rd most inhabited state in the Anglophone part in the Americas following the United States and Canada ( Wikipedia subscribers. 2007 ) . The first dwellers of Jamaica were the Arawak folk from the Arawakan lingual stock and indigen of North America besides known as the Tainos. In fact these natives coined the name â€Å"Xymaca† which could intend the â€Å"land of springs† or normally referred to as the â€Å"land of wood and water† . These Amerindians or the Native American Tainos came to the island around 700 A. D. They were a clump of a cautious and quiet stock engaged largely in fishing and agribusiness. Although Jamaica is hilly and had a cragged terrain. the dwellers settled and the country suited their life style ( Wikipedia subscribers. 2007 ) . The American Tainos peaceful being in Xymaca lasted for over 700 old ages and was merely disrupted with the reaching of Christopher Columbus in 1509. It became a Spanish Colony and was renamed Santiago de la Vega. The Spaniards eventually took over and established the first colony and capital of the island in 1523. The following 350 old ages for the natives was critical since atrociousnesss were committed against them by the Spanish colonisers. Finally the local folk died out as a consequence of rough intervention and diseases ( Background Note. 2007 ) . The death of the local folk resulted in labour deficit because of the already booming large-scale agribusiness based plantation economic systems. Therefore the Spanish conquistadors resorted to importing slaves from Africa. Initially the slave trade came in drips but subsequently due to the labour demands of big plantation proprietors. Jamaica became one of the planetary centres of African bondage. By 1670 under the commissariats of the Treaty of Madrid. the British took over the reigns of the island. Not merely did immigrants increased in figure but agribusiness besides flourished with chocolate tree. sugar. java. bananas and several wood merchandises ruling the island economic system. Thus the large-scale labour deficit led to the importing of more slaves. In its flower. Jamaica imported 662. 000 slaves doing it the primary slave-trading centre of the universe ( Background Note. 2007 ) . But in August 1. 1833. by parliamentary statute law. bondage was abolished. The granting of freedom to slaves left unfastened $ 30 million as compensation to the proprietors of around 310. 000 of the freed slaves. What followed was pandemonium as the late liberated African Jamaicans refused to work and abandoned the different plantations. Alternatively they occupied lands in the inside and resorted to farming themselves. This disrupted the agriculture-based economic system and rendered several plantations bankrupt ( Background Note. 2007 ) . The state of affairs farther deteriorated and led the island to a worst economic crisis. Furthermore. the tribunal showed nonpartisanship by its prejudiced Acts of the Apostless. oppressive revenue enhancement. and land exclusion steps which eventually caused widespread agitation among 1000s of African Jamaicans. Therefore. the unfairnesss perpetrated made the island ripe for an rebellion ( Background Note. 2007 ) . In October 1865. a rebellion was started in Port Morant and soldierly jurisprudence was declared by the authorities. But the rebellion was short-lived as authorities quelled the rebellion while besides bring downing barbarous reprisal. Because of the incident. Jamaica was made into a British Crown settlement. striping Jamaicans of authorities self-government which they have enjoyed since the late 17Thursdaycentury. In 1884. a representative authorities was restored. but Jamaica remained a British topic until nominal independency was eventually granted in 1962. Jamaica being a British settlement became a member of the Federation of the West Indies in January 3. 1958. But the brotherhood was ephemeral because of dissension over what function Jamaica had on the federation. A break-up of the federation happened and Jamaica seceded come August 6. 1962. Out of the dissolution. entire independency was granted to the island. Thus. national election was held on April 1962 and the first Jamaican Prime Minister held office ( Background Note. 2007 ) . The cultural composing It is of import to observe that the first colonists of Jamaica were the Native American Arawaks or the Taino folk that lived for over 700 old ages get downing in around 700 A. D. This determination was supported by archeological diggings in the locality of the purported colony sites. At the clip of the Spanish colonial regulation. estimations put the Taino population to around 100. 000. The bulk of the populations were found near the coastline and near riversides. The Tainos relied to a great extent on fishing as the big portion of their diet. although agribusiness was besides practiced – cultivation of manioc. maize. and arrowroot. The Tainos already engaged in a small signifier of tribal administration as the island was subdivided into states and each is headed by cazique ( main ) with a sub-chief as helper ( Satchell. 1999 ) . With the regulation of the Spanish conquistadors. the Tainos endured the barbarous reign and harsh slave labour for the following 350 old ages. But it was the coming of diseases. brought about by the foreign colonists that finally wiped the Tainos from the face of the Earth. Not a hint of the Tainos being could be gleamed from the present twenty-four hours society. though they were instrumental in the early growing of Jamaica’s plantation-based economic system. At the tallness of the Spanish regulation. there were already disgruntled slaves that ran off from their Masterss in protest of the rough intervention and working conditions. These assorted groups were known as the â€Å"Maroons† lived and converged around the â€Å"cockpit area† – on the cragged side of Jamaica. Later they organized as opposition guerrilla groups out to do the lives of plantation proprietors suffering. So when those whose conditions under their Masterss are no longer endurable. they have a oasis to withdraw to ( Jamaica: Culture and History. 2007 ) . During the tallness of the British regulation. the â€Å"maroons† developed plenty violative strength to be a menace to the new colonial Masterss. And seeing their relevancy to the impairment of the economic system. the British granted them liberty in 1739. Some leftovers of the â€Å"maroons† are still seeable to this twenty-four hours. The posterities still had legal power over the lands granted to their sires and still practiced self-government. The British brought in more slaves and were treated barbarously in order to demand obeisance. though it backfired and pocket rebellion followed. A ramping war materialized between plantation proprietors and the slaves. Slaves that were caught by the governments were either burned. strangled or tortured. The slaves retaliated by firing plantations and killing plantation proprietors. Thousands of slaves were shipped to other states and they were replaced by apprenticed Indians and Chinese labourers ( Jamaica: Culture and History. 2007 ) . The chief majority of the population of Jamaica today composes of the posterities of African slaves imported by the Spanish and British swayers. For over three centuries. their sires were portion of the slave trade that was bought by plantation proprietors to work on the different plantations. After the abolishment of bondage. the existent job started because the freed slaves no longer desired to function their Masterss even for a fee. And since they outnumber the plantation proprietors. pandemonium ensued as plantations went belly-up and the economic system reeled under the intense economic force per unit area ( Jamaica: Culture and History. 2007 ) . The experience placed into the custodies of the freed slaves a bargaining purchase that finally led plantation proprietors to action for peace and capitulate to some of the demand imposed by the liberated slaves. A halt to the slave economic system was high and Jamaican’s braced for the coup detat of the capitalist economic system. Well. the passage placed the island in desperate economic catastrophe as bulk of the slaves turned down rewards mandated by plantation proprietors. Alternatively they seek other signifiers of work to augment their income. The slaves were still non given their right of right to vote where vote was provided by the plantation owner’s household and friends. Therefore. the white plantocracy reigned supreme with their political power intact. Meanwhile the waking up of the slaves could be traced back to the spiritual missionaries that set-up folds and enticed slaves to fall in the religious order in 1790. It was at this occasion that African Jamaicans were taught to read and write— a privilege that was non given to them by their plantation Masterss. The fold grew quickly and missionaries were forced to seek fiscal assistance from England ( Davidson. 2003 ) . It therefore completed Jamaica’s baptism of fire into the spiritual religious order and provided them with the hope of the hereafter particularly with a bible in their custodies. They attended Sunday Schools with the missionaries as instructors of all time willing to elaborate on the virtues of the faith and the Bible was embraced as their holy book. their sympathizer and comrade to the journey towards the awful vale of the shadow of decease. The long old ages of submergence with the word of God made the African Jamaicans a really spiritual people that has non wavered even to this twenty-four hours ( Davidson. 2003 ) . The sufferings of the island economic system farther exacerbated the declining state of affairs when the U. S. Navy blockaded the northern Caribbean during the American Civil War. It put to halt all critical supplies and affected Jamaica as it tried to do the new economic system work. The terminal consequence was the Morant Bay Rebellion. but the authorities defused the rebellion where leaders and protagonists were subjected to barbarous reprisals. Some of those caught were hanged while 100s were executed and flogged. and the bulk had their places put to the torch in barbarous requital. Even following the lifting of the naval encirclement. Jamaica still could non lift from its economic fiasco. The effects of the Great Depression in the United States were still felt in the islands up to the 30’s and it curtailed the export of Michel Gross bananas. But when the Second World War started. the economic state of affairs started to alter. as the British were dependent on Jamaica for the nutrient supply and natural stuffs. And possibly a shot of religion. grownup right to vote was eventually given to Jamaica in 1944 which was followed by entire liberty from Britain in 1947. When entire independency was achieved in 1962. diverseness was still really much prevalent and this led the framers of the Jamaican Constitution to stomp the island’s slogan ‘Out of Many. One People’ . competently described because of the cultural and racial differences. while all must be united under one flag. True plenty. today diverseness persists as Jamaica had a diverse population and cultural composing. Although the Afro-Jamaicans constitute the overpowering bulk. the 2006 nose count recorded a entire population of 2. 69 million. The inkinesss accounted for 2. 43 million or 90. 5 % . the Whites had 5. 380 or a measly 0. 2 % . the E Indians made up 1. 3 % and the Chinese 0. 3 % . and other cultural groups composed of Syrians. Lebanese and Jews rounding off at 0. 5 % . Peoples of assorted descent ( cultural exogamies ) . the mulatto’s included all history for 7. 3 % of the entire population ( Background Note. 2007 ) . However. true to all states with black population. racism and colour favoritism – the bequest of over three centuries of bondage is really apparent in contemporary Jamaica ; although the racial turn is non every bit pronounced in Jamaica with the coloured people being the most dominant cultural group. Since the abolishment of bondage in 1834. the Afro-Jamaican inkinesss have risen from the ladder of societal mobility. through concern entrepreneurship and higher instruction. And because of the blacks’ sheer figure. they have manifested political clout and expressed their will through the ballot by electing the first black Prime Minister in 1992. Nevertheless. the inkinesss must double their political power with economic power as it continues to evade the black bulk. together with other concerns about racism that has non been to the full resolved. What is alone about the people of Jamaica though. is that it has the nervus to demo its discontent towards the authorities suppressing them – to lift up and arise. A rabid illustration of this occurred when authorities announced a 30 % addition in gasolene revenue enhancements in 1999. The people responded by puting ablaze the sugar cane Fieldss in Kingston and Montego Bay. And because of this incident. the authorities rescinded the order three yearss subsequently. Sugar has made Jamaica popular the universe over for it had a unusual clasp of this individual industry for over 150 old ages. When the universe demand for sugar plummeted. the economic system every bit good suffered. And because sugar cultivation was labour extensive. it left 1000s with decreased income and a black hereafter. Jamaicans were so left with no option but to look for other avenues to augment their income. The bulk of workers opted for out-migration and what better topographic point to be at except the United Kingdom. But in 1967 Britain restricted the entry of Jamaican immigrants so that the remainder tried their fortune in the United States and Canada ( Background Note. 2007 ) . There are about 20. 000 Jamaican immigrants come ining the American shores annually and about 200. 000 semen as visitants or tourers yearly. New York. Miami. Chicago and Hartford are the United States metropoliss where the bulk of Jamaican’s converge either as regular citizens or as tourers. Expatriate Jamaican’s from the United States. Great Britain and Canada send remittances place to the melody of 1. 6 billion dollars yearly. Surely this part has propped up well the ailing Jamaican economic system ( Background Note. 2007 ) . Discussion: Looking at the chronological events that made-up the history of the people of Jamaica. it is a lampoon of inhuman treatment. subjugation. persecution from the really first dwellers until bondage was abolished in 1834. How they endured the rough intervention. forced labour and isolation could merely be due to their will power. resoluteness and finding to be able to see the visible radiation at the terminal of the tunnel. It was their show foremost and first and no sum of physical hurting deterred each and every dweller to portion in the battle for self-aggrandizement and saving. A glance back at the Masterss who inflicted untold hurting and sorrow to a colourful race is even beyond disapprobation. The colonisers being spiritual and God fearing people to make such barbarous anguish is beyond imaginativeness. The bible is expressed that no adult male must keep rule over his fellow human being. Unless of class they consider the African slaves as animal. so they are merely making their responsibility as Masterss by the Holy Book. But to strip a individual of this right because of his colour and belief tallies contrary to set up norms. The history of the Jamaican race is in itself a survey of the battles ; the battle against unfairness ; against a system anchored on greed. economic and political power all intertwined to maintain a grieving race at bay. Somehow as a solace. the Jamaican people learned to stand up for their right. battle for what is just. and populate a life free from subjugation – a bequest they left buttocks and judiciously inherited by a modern state ( Jamaica. n. d. ) . First in a long line of odd inhuman treatment were the Arawak’s or the Taino’s who shouldered the brunt of the barbarian traits of the Spanish colonial Masterss. The local population who were approximately 100. 000 at the clip were enslaved and subjected to forced labour. Initially. the indigens were utilized in their hunt for gold and Ag. Finding none. they were forced to work on the spread outing agricultural based plantation. These people neer revolted against the invading colonists. they endured but in the terminal they perished because of diseases – peculiarly the little syphilis epidemic. The death of the indigens brought untold labour deficit and the Spanish authorization at the clip imported slaves from Africa. The agreement worked for a piece and history remained still as no major event transpired. But in 1655. the British attacked and invaded Jamaica. In 1670 the British officially annexed Jamaica through the dogmas of the Treaty of Madrid ( Jamaica. n. d. ) . Sing the immense agricultural potency of Jamaica. the Briton’s took advantage by spread outing plantations and seting extra harvests. Gradually the island was subdivided among absentee landholders who left the undertaking of pull offing their farms to superintendents and directors. The chief harvest produced was sugar and it necessitated engaging extra workers. as this industry was labour intensive. Thus extra slaves have to be brought in to augment the dwindling labour militias. With this system in topographic point. Jamaica became the major provider of sugar around the Earth for following 150 old ages ( Jamaica. n. d. ) At the tallness of the slave trade. records would demo that around 20 million slaves taken out of Africa were sold and traded. Six hundred 1000 of those slaves were destined to work in the plantations in Jamaica. Due to the entry of a immense figure of slaves into the island. the ratio of the white Masterss against the black slaves now stood at about 20 to 1. The Briton Masterss preferred the slaves because they are cheaper and hardworking to finally convey prosperity to the island ( Slave Trade. 2007 ) . By the terminal of the 18Thursdaycentury. Jamaica became the enviable colonial ownership of the British Empire. chiefly because of the prosperity of the island anchored on the perspiration. blood and persecution of the slaves. The rough intervention of slaves and hapless on the job conditions at the plantations continued unabated as superintendents and directors neglected the humanity of the slaves. The cold intervention finally bred bitterness and rebellion. It merely shows the existent character of the African slaves. they can be submissive when necessary to possess the finding when required and fight for what is sane and right. The rebellion of the slaves really started right after the invasion of the island by the British forces in 1655. led by the â€Å"maroons† . The maroons ( literally wild work forces of the mountains ) were escaped slaves who occupied the mountains and the woods. Even after the Spaniards officially ceded Jamaica to the British. the battle of the maroons for self-government continued. The guerrilla warfare waged by the maroons against the British lasted for several coevalss. because of fresh recruits coming from slaves who escaped from their Masterss. This has been the joke of the battle until the abolishment of bondage in 1834 ( Jamaica: Where It All Started. 2007 ) . It is worthwhile to advert that the maroons led the slave rebellion in 1729 ( the Maroon War ) . so the Tacky Rebellion in 1760. the 2nd Maroon War in 1795 and the Christmas Rebellion of Sam Sharpe in 1831. It is interesting to observe that the Afro Jamaican sires neer lacked the will to contend for the rules that they want preserved even at the disbursal of their ain lives. These are barbarous lessons learned the difficult manner. a cherished heirloom to the coevalss of Jamaican freedom combatants ( Jamaica: Where It All Started. 2007 ) . When bondage was eventually abolished. slaves were released from centuries of bondage. land proprietors were given a little sum of compensation – 27 British lbs for every grownup slave and 4 British lbs for every kid they own. And in passage. the slaves were allowed to work in the plantation with rewards for at least three more old ages. The abolishment of bondage eventually brought the prostration of the island economic system and the plantation system. Their sufferings were non yet over as England established the crown-colony signifier of authorities. with the governor given absolute executive and legislative powers. It left the freed slaves as marionettes under a wand exerting titular caput. Succeeding events intervened. doing widespread dissatisfaction to the bing signifier of authorities. Island broad public violences followed and labour brotherhoods were created and the turning demands for self-government left the British governments with no pick but to action for more clip ( Jamaica. n. d. ) . The wining old ages saw a bright visible radiation in the hereafter of Jamaica. The island is eventually undergoing recovery and development in the context of societal. constitutional. economic and its development to be eventually a autonomous province. The Fieldss of instruction. wellness. societal services were immensely improved as it trickled easy to rural donees. Then the banking system came to be – an island broad nest eggs bank system was started. Roads. Bridgess and railroads were constructed and overseas telegram communicating to Europe was established and the island’s capital was transferred from Spanish Town to Kingston. The run came to a sudden halt though as another crisis loomed in the skyline. This clip the lending factors were the people’s discontent over the slow gait of political development. Then the evident negative growing of the banana industry because of the widespread infestation of the Panama Disease ( a virus that wiped out plantations of Michel Gross bananas ) and the plummeting universe sugar monetary values. Naturally this will intend reduced labour chances. coupled with the curtailment of migration chances and the built-in fright of a quickly lifting population growing rate ( Jamaica: Where It All Started. 2007 ) . Out of all of this negative perceptual experiences. the first labour brotherhood in Jamaica was formed together with the two major political parties. These were the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union ( BITU ) and its affiliate the Jamaica Labor Party ( JLP ) the political party wing. the other being the National Workers Union ( NWU ) and its political wing the Peoples National Party ( PNP ) . Some analysts are in the sentiment that the creative activity of these rival labour brotherhoods and political parties was the accelerator for the early declaration of the future independency of Jamaica. Therefore in 1944. England created a bicameral legislative assembly. a ministerial authorities and for the first clip gave the citizens their right of right to vote. Finally. full internal self-government control was given to Jamaica in 1959. In 1962. Jamaica was granted a state position of full independency within the bounds of the British Commonwealth. Although Jamaica and its brood of slaves have eventually weathered the storm. stableness is far from established. It is still a long manner to travel for advocates to truly put aside their personal grudges and sit down to chart a class for the hereafter of the island. There are still pockets of opposition that needs to be understood. cared for and cover with non with an Fe manus as the old Masterss have done but by compassion and low humbleness. The population similarly must put aside their cultural differences. digest each others misdemeanours and unite for the common good. This truly is difficult to accomplish as demonstrated by other states with changing cultural composings. But who knows. after all Jamaicans are really spiritual and they can ever stay by the lone commandment Jesus Christ bestowed upon us – â€Å"to love thy neighbours as thyself† . The hereafter of Jamaica is already assured. it may falter from clip to clip. but it has the resoluteness to lift once more. Their sires have seen to it that their bequest must ever be etched on the people’s heads and psyche. so their forfeit would non hold been done in vain and our supplications are with them. Decision: Looking closely at the intricate history of the Jamaican people reveals a chronology of persecution clip and once more proliferated by different colonisers that battered the population to entry. Get downing with the Native American Tainos or the Arawaks. they claimed the island merely because of the copiousness of natural resources which they tapped for their day-to-day being. And for 700 long old ages it stayed as their beam of hope. a lasting residence for their growth folk ( Jamaica. 2007 ) . Colonies of Arawak indigens sprung on countries near the sea and riversides. a manifestation that Xymaca is so a promising country. In fact they became so legion that they had the topographic point subdivided into states and led a tribal cazique and helper. So early on. the dwellers of Jamaica had already practiced some signifier of town planning. With the reaching of the Spanish conquistadors. estimations put the Taino population at around 100. 000. Remember that these Amerindians were kind of peace loving because no written record could certify that they showed opposition to colonising Spaniards. They tried to co-exist with the new colonists who subjected them to break ones back labour for the resulting agribusiness based plantations. Therefore. for the following 350 old ages they endured ill-treatment but their figure dwindled because of diseases brought inland by the foreign colonists. Finally they all perished and non a mark of their being surfaced. What followed following was the importing of slaves from Africa. Though the African slaves were subjected to the same barbarous intervention. they were non timid like the native Tainos. At the tallness of the slave trade. 600. 000 of them jointly stayed in Jamaica. And as expected they rose in protest against rough intervention and cold working conditions. The crescendo of the slave rebellion was no longer governable and the slaves were eventually granted freedom by the British Parliament. Those who were freed stayed in Jamaica and started a life free from the control of plantation Masterss. Their battle for self-government though lasted for several centuries. As free people they roamed and thrived in Jamaica. started their households neer to be slaves once more. For the following century they lived and coexisted with other cultural groups. leftovers of the slave trade who besides made Jamaica their place. At present. Jamaica has reached population of a small less than 3 million where the bulk of Afro-Jamaicans history for about 91 % . Even after a century. the stigma of being a descendent of slaves still echoes in the streets of Jamaica. That is why there are still pockets of force due to racial favoritism. Although in Jamaica. the racial slur is non prevailing because the Afro Jamaican cultural group comprises the bulk. Even with the granting of entire independency in 1962 and the election of an Afro Jamaican as the first of all time Prime Minister. Jamaica still wallowed in privation. No chance for the bulk to get down a nice manner of life. So those who have the will applied for in-migration to other states seeking for greener grazing lands. The mass hegira of these migrators about stalled population growing because the present growing rate could merely be at most 0. 9 % yearly. The mass motion of the population to the United States. Great Britain and Canada had its wagess as good. Though arguably it caused encephalon drain intellectually. these likewise gained economic benefits for the state. At present foreign remittals by Jamaicans abroad sum to over 1. 6 billion dollars yearly. Not a bad investing after all. The Jamaican expatriates abroad became the embassador of good will for the state. They were responsible for distributing the natural admirations of their native state. And finally Jamaica evolved into a major tourer finish. So. the cultural groups that comprise the population of Jamaica have all helped in the corporate attempt to do their place state what it is today. Bibliography: About Jamaica. ( 2005 ) . Retrieved November 18. 2007. from Col. com corporation. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Jamaica. com/ Background Note: Jamaica. ( October 2007 ) . Retrieved November 18. 2007. from U. S. Department of State. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. province. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2032. htm Davidson. M. ( 2003 ) .Jamaica and Religion. Retrieved November 17. 2007. from Jamaicans. com. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Jamaicans. com/culture/intro/religion. shtml Jamaica. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 19. 2007. from Free Dictionary. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thefreedictionary. com/Jamaica Jamaica.( n. d. ) . Retrieved November 18. 2007. from Kwabs. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kwabs. com/jamaica. hypertext markup language Jamaica: Culture and History. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 17. 2007. from CaribbeanChoice. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. caribbeanchoice. com/jamaica/culture. asp Jamaica: Where It All Started. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 19. 2007. from Bertoville. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bertoville. net/jamaica/history. htm Satchell. V. ( 1999 ) .Jamaica. Retrieved November 17. 2007. from Africana. com. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/43/130. hypertext markup language Slave Trade: A Select Bibliography. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved November 17. 2007. from National Library of Jamaica. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nlj. org. jm/abolition. htm Wikipedia subscribers. ( 2007 ) .Jamaica. Retrieved November 18. 2007. from Wikipedia. the free encyclopaedia. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jamaica

Taxation V Hunger Project Australia

Question: Discuss about theTaxationfor V Hunger Project Australia. Answer: Commissioner of Taxation V Hunger Project Australia (2014) FCAFC 69 Introduction The decision taken by the Federal court in the recent case of Hunger Project Australia is very important for the not for profit sectors and charity. The decision is important because it challenges the idea that it is important for an organization to provide direct relief and services in order to be considered as an institution for public benevolent. The status of Public benevolent Institution brings various types of benefits, particularly employees under the provision of the FBT and to the organization for deductible receipt of gifts. This case have provided opportunity to various organization that have not been recognized as PBI by the ATO because it does not provide direct relief (Saad 2014). Case Introduction/ Background The Hunger Project Australia is a business that is limited by guarantee. The objective of the company is to provide relief in sickness, poverty, helplessness and destitutions. In the developing world the work is primarily conducted. This organization is the part of the global project The Hunger Project. The HPA is engaged in wide range of activities but the most substantial activity carried out by them is that of raising funds. Though there are some activities carried out by them but it is considered as negligible (Hurley 2014). In this case, question before the Federal Court was to decide whether The Hunger Project be considered as a Public Benevolent institution. It was argued by the ATO that the HPA could not be regarded as PBI because there is lack of directness in the activity of the HPA. The argument provided by the Hunger Project Australia was that the requirement of directness was wrongfully read in the context of Public Benevolent institution. There is no definition provided in the legislation therefore without the proper basis of law if an organization raises funds for chartable purpose then that organization can be regarded as PBI (Friezer and Wu 2014). Legislations In this case, various legislations have been referred the list of which is below: Estate Duty Assessment Act 1914-1928; Fringe benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986; Income Tax Assessment Act 1997; Pay roll Tax Act 1971; and Tax Administration Act 1953; Section Breached The section 57A (1) of the FBT Act, states that if the employer is a public benevolent institution as per section 123C (1) or (5). Then in such case, the benefit provided by the employer to employee is an exempted benefit. The section 57A (2) further provides that the employer should be the government body and the duty of the employees should be in connection with the public hospital (Naik and Kohn 2013). The section 57A (3) states that in this case the benefit provided by the employer to the employee is an exempted benefit. The condition is that the employer should be a public hospital or the employer is engaged in the service related to public ambulance (Murray and Martin 2015). The section 123C (1) of the FBTA Act provides that the commissioner is obliged to endorse the entity as a Public Benevolent Institution if the body has applied for the endorsement. The section 123C (2) states that an entity can be endorsed if it is a public benevolent institution that has a Australian Business Number (ABN) and the employer is not engaged in the step two of as provided in the method statement (Bell 2013). In this case the issue is to determine if the entity is a public benevolent institution as per section 123C (2) of the FBTA Act. It should be not that there is no definition of the public benevolent institution is provided in the FBTA Act (Sharkey and Murray 2015). Analysis of the Decision The discussion above shows that the issue before the court is to determine if the entity can be regarded as a public benevolent institution if it is not directly related in providing relief to those in needs. The court has analyzed the meaning of the term PBI in the different statutory backgrounds (Marks 2013). The principal authorities reflected by the court in this case are: Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd V Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1931); Australian Council of Social Service Inc V Commissioner of Payroll tax (NSW); Commissioner of Taxation V Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; and Commissioner of Pay roll Tax V Cairnmillar Institute (1990); The court found that the authorities mentioned above supports the proposition that ordinary meaning should be given to the expression Public benevolent institutions. The ordinary meaning is not clear whether the requirement includes that the relief is to be provided directly by the entity. The court was expressing the meaning of PBI on the argument provided by the commissioner that the entities should provide relief directly to be considered as a PBI (Hurley 2014). The argument provided by the commissioner includes history of the statutory expression and the consideration of the authority. The commissioner on appeal provided the same argument but the court was not satisfied with the argument that an institution cannot be a PBI if it does not provide relief directly. The court on the other hand established that there is at least one primary reason for refusing the obligation of direct relief by the company. The good reason was found in the judgment of the case of the High Court in Federal Commissioner of Taxation V Word investment (2008). In the circumstance of Word Investments, the main concern is to determine if the entity in question is a charitable institution (Norbury 2014). In this, case the entity accepted the deposit from the people for that it has paid low or no interest. These funds were then used by the entity for commercial activity for making profits. The company to perform charitable activities in overseas used the profits. The High court rejected the argument of the commissioner that the organization was not an institution for charity (Hedlund 2016). The court reasoned that it would not be proper to distinguish between the companies based on whether the company is paying other company for charity or the company has other division t hat is engaged in the charitable activity. The court in the situation of Word Investments found that the argument of the commissioner not correct and rejected the appeal of the commissioner. The commissioners submissions related to the statutory context are presumed to be at worst misconceived and best unpersuasive. Under section 41 the reliance on the subsection 8 (5) has been seen to be difficult in terms of following a different tax regime. It has been further seen to be difficult to observe the terms different way of acting with varying tax regime (Saad 2014). This is directly related to the fact which has been stated in the year 1928 and is further seen to be considered for the exempt from the estate duty, inter alia, a public benevolent institution and a fund established and maintained for providing money for the use of such institutions. It has does not take into consideration the general understanding of a public compassionate institutions for the last eighty years. In the terms stated under s 8(5) of the EDA is not seen to be providing a relevant contextual consideration under the FBTA Act (Edelman and Bant 2016). Under the sec 42, it has been stated that the primary judge erred to dismiss the different consideration under the 8(5) of theEDAAct. The honor was rightly considered to conclude on the consequence in the apparent legislations provided under 8(5) of theEDAAct (Hurley 2014). This was taken into consideration to confirm that the handouts from a fund such as trust find are seen to be structurally not have been considered to institution. This is further exempted from estate dutyconsiderations. A fund is considered to be separate from a body set up to manage the fund. Since, a fund shall not be considered in ordinary circumstance (McGregor-Lowndes 2015). The primary judgment was seen to be concluding that the he had no opinion on the feature of the ordinary meaning of a public benevolent institution. The various types of the terms which has been considered under the separate terms of the 57A(3)(b) of the FBTA Act is also seen to be providing no assistance for the judgment related to the c onsiderations stating whether an organization which principally raises moneys for munificent resolves can be a public benevolent institution. It is unclear how the legislature is chosen under the s57A (3) (b)and the several exemptions which are seen to be maintained for the employers. It cannot be inferred clearly whether an entity which is seen to be raising resources to be utilized by separate entity for the respite of hunger, which cannot be a public benevolent institution. In the section 44 the advancing exercise for the administration for the analogous extension in s 57A (1) is not considered (Sharkey and Murray 2015). The different type of the consideration for the analogies, it might be concluded that these extension was not crucial since an institution, which is mainly involved in fund raising, can in any event act as a public benevolent institution (Barker et al. 2017). The judgment of the court was appropriate because it has correctly rejected the contention of the court in relative to the meaning of the term public benevolent institution. The court has found no good reason that entity should dispense relief directly to be regarded as the PBI. Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be said that there cannot be single definition or ordinary meaning of the Public Benevolent Institution. The PBI are the institutions that are engaged in the activity of providing relief in poverty and distress. The meaning of the term PBI is broad enough to encompass institutions that are providing relief to developing countries. Therefore, it can be said that the institution that are not directly engaged in the relief can also be regarded as PBI. It was concluded by the court that based on the facts it can be said that the HPA is a PBI. Reference Barker, K., Fairweather, K. and Grantham, R. eds., 2017.Private Law in the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. Bell, E., 2013. Judicial perspectives on statutory interpretation.Commonwealth Law Bulletin,39(2), pp.245-281. Edelman, J. and Bant, E., 2016.Unjust Enrichment. Bloomsbury Publishing. Friezer, M. and Wu, L., 2014. Taxation: Fund-raising can be enough: Not-for-profits as public benevolent institutions.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,1(4), p.68. Hedlund, R., 2016.Conscience and Unconscionability in English Equity(Doctoral dissertation, University of York). Hurley, T., 2014. Case notes: The latest from the high and federal courts.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,1(3), p.84. Hurley, T., 2014. Thomas Hurley case notes.Brief,41(7), p.43. Marks, D.W., 2013. Changing perpetuity periods and vesting dates.Tax Specialist,16(3), p.127. McGregor-Lowndes, M., 2015. The Australian Nonprofit Sector Legal Almanac 2014. Murray, I. and Martin, F., 2015. The Blossoming of Public Benevolent Institutions: From DirectProviders to Global Networks.Alternative Law Journal,40(1), pp.36-41. Naik, L. and Kohn, M., 2013. Test case clarifies PBI endorsement criteria.Keeping Good Companies,65(9), p.557. Norbury, M., 2014. Hunger Project Australia.Taxation in Australia,49(3), p.171. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Sharkey, N. and Murray, I., 2015. Reinventing administrative leadership in Australian taxation: beware the fine balance of social psychological and rule of law principles.Browser Download This Paper.