Microregionalism and Economic Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Microregionalism and Economic Theory - Essay ExampleThis fit to Gamble & Payne (1996) abidance of regionalism is as a result of economic forces, finances and production. Globalization has been on the termination due to transnational economic relationships expanding the economy to a global capitalist division of production and labor. This form of regionalism has been due to business enterprises pursuing interests on the spatial scale of the region.The micro-regional firms be able to expand their markets such(prenominal) that they sell their commodities locally and around the region. This, according to Fawcett & Hurrell (1995) is because regionalization links well with globalization. The firms are able to learn from the competitors who are also in the system of regionalism.The governments are able to get economic interaction and collaboration lead-in to the expansion of their global market. Through this system, governments are able to exploit technology of other states and also e xploit their capital. The process also helps the government to indulge in joint development of the resources available. This applies also to the industries according to Breslin & rob (2002). Through micro regionalism, the government can solve the trans-boundary issues that arise in day to day activities. thence micro-regionalism is a tool for firms and the government to benefit from the comparative advantage of the regions which are

Management in a Globailsed world Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Management in a Globailsed world - Assignment ExampleThis paper seeks to orchestrate some questions on globalization as listed belowGlobalization entails activities that assist countries and societies to broaden and deepen and so increasing their interdependence around the world. Broadening and deepening is the establishment of links and using them to increase the system and intensity of the communications, transactions, relationships and general interactions among the involved societies and states (Cohn, 2011). Globalization has led to developments in falsifyment and other significant sectors in the corporate world as companies come up with excellent strategies to overcome the competition and as a way of keeping up with the trends. The vast growth in international market relates with developments in areas such(prenominal) as communication and transportation technologies that are the key facilitators of the strategic links between the participating states and MNCs.However, global izations impact varies in the different countries and in most instances it threatens the domestic autonomy causing issues among the topical anesthetic economies. Upon entry into the international market, countries take up new roles and responsibilities, which do not restrict them from making insurance policy choices. The policy choices are the determinants of states and societies experiences of globalization i.e. unity and cooperation or fragmentation and conflict. A good example is the case of Multinational Corporations (MNCs), companies that distribute goods and services across borders with an aim of spreading ideas and controlling assets in more than iodine state. They play a significant role in globalization and most people argue that they shape the greater part of it. MNCs mostly practice Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) this way they are able to manage rights and control economic transactions in different states.Today, there is no certain way to forestall global markets b ecause of promptly altering

U3 Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

U3 Case Study - Coursework ExampleThe connection is established if the certificate is validated otherwise, the connection shuts down. The invitee then sends HTTPS request to the server.In the next step, the client sends SSTP control packets that are at bottom the HTTPS session. The process establishes SSTP state machine for control purposes on both sides, which then initiate PPP class communication (Minasi, 2010). At both the ends, PPP negotiation takes place by use of SSTP over HTTPS. The client then needs to authenticate the server. The session then binds to IP interface, which is both sides and assigned for a job routing.Breakaway Brothers feces reach remote users by using two options. First, they can use a high-speed broadband connection by the use of either DSL or a tune modem. Alternatively, they can use an analog phone line and then connect it to an ISDN or a modem. both way, the system will enable Breakaway Brothers to have a direct secure connection to the internet, and they can reach remote

Theories of Bad Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Bad Leadership - Essay modelAnd (5) Are good and crowing leadershiphip qualitatively different phenomena?Kellermans views from her discourse entitled be and Benefits Why We Need to Study Bad Leadership proffered pertinent issue relative to incompetent leaders based on two claims (1) placing bad leadership on two axes unethical and ineffective and (2) stipulating 7 types of bad leadership, to wit incompetent, rigid, intemperate, callous, corrupt, insular, and evil (Kellerman, 2004, pp. 3-4). By eventually expounding on the costs of bad leadership, as well as finding justifications for any perceived benefits and confirming in the end that without followers null happens, including bad leadership (Kellerman, 2004, p. 8). One therefore shares the same contention as the evidence Kellerman presented to prove from the cited echt examples that it actually takes two to tango.From the point of view of Kellerman, leaders can fail given the opportune plaza and with the assista nce, negligence, blind obedience, con unionizeity, or even ignorance of the followers. Aside from exhibiting any or a combination of the seven types of bad leadership enumerated above, leaders apparently fail with the assistance of the followers. Kellerman cited followers who were deemed enablers, blind supporters, covering for the leaders mistakes, tame and ignorant stakeholders who enable leaders to operate without the benefit of checks and balances, and allowing assuming an avoiding stance.Lipman-Blumens view, on the other hand, utilise six psychological factors that explain why people apparently allow, choose, and support the existence of bad leaders. These factors accommodate the needs for reassuring figures, security and certainty, feel special or chosen, and being part of a association as well as fears for being ostracized and being powerless (Lipman-Bluman, 2006, p. 29). These psychological factors that could be traced since developmental stages form the basis for select ing leaders

Reciprocal Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reciprocal direction - Essay ExampleReciprocal teaching method has two major features instruction and practice of the four recognition strategies-predicting, question generating, clarifying, and summarizing and a special kind of cognitive apprenticeship where students gradually learn to assume the role of instructor in helping their peers construct meaning from text.Much of schoolwork at al educational levels is psychical in nature. Children in 6th grade class belong to the stage of development called later(a) childhood. In this stage, children already prefer books and childrens magazines tat stress adventure and in which they may read a august person with whom they can identify.Students at this level are at Piagets stage of concrete operations in thinking, a time when the vague and nebulous concepts of early childhood become specific and concrete. Children associate untested meanings with honest-to-goodness concepts on the basis of what they learn in school. As children rea d textbooks in schools and consult encyclopedias and opposite sources of information, they not only learn new meanings for old concepts but they also correct faulty meanings associated with old concepts.Because older childrens experiences are more varied than those of preschoolers, it is understandable that their concepts change in different directions and become progressively more varied. However, certain concepts are commonly found among older children in the American culture today. The common teaching strategy is very much applicable for children in 6th grade level because they drive home already develop understanding and have already realize up their vocabulary and reciprocal teaching can be done in groups and group belonging is an interest developed in late childhood.With increased interest in group belonging comes an increased interest in desire to send with group members. Children soon learn that meaningful communication cannot be achieved unless they understand the mea ning of what others are state to them. This provides the necessary incentive to improve their comprehension. Improved comprehension and prediction are also aided by training concentration in school. Throughout late childhood, childrens general vocabularies grow by leaps and bounds. From their studies in school, their indicant, their conversations with other, they build up vocabularies which they use in their speech, writing and comprehension. Describe how you would apply the strategy with you 6th grade reading class.First, I will select a well-structured text natural selection for the exercise then distribute the copies of the selection to the class. I would choose a poem or short piece of fiction or nonfictional prose that I have annotated that models all four strategies of Reciprocal Teaching. It is advisable to start with very short pieces of publications or short sections of a larger work (a chapter or section of a novel, biography, etc.). This will set aside my students to practice and hone their skills before moving on to longer readings. Explain the four reading skills

Violations of human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violations of human pay backs - Essay ExampleIn some opposite countries, financial and community privileges be not applied, therefore, the primary impression behind focusing human privileges is that each giving medication authorities should try to maintain these important privileges and get that all(prenominal) kinds of elegance in this study are exterminated.The United Nations on Decembers 10, 1948 implemented the worldwide announcement of Individual Rights and called upon the different member countries to guaranty all a persons privileges to their individuals. Dec 10 thus became an ancient day in the history about the globe history. As such this day, i.e. Dec 10 is therefore recognized all over the globe every season as Individual Rights Day.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights enumerates two sets of human rights or privileges. The first set of privileges is civil and political rights such as right to license of conversation or expression, right to lifestyle and fr eedom, right to equivalent rights before law, right to have healthy remedy, right to shift easily and right to elect or take aspect in the government of ones nation. The second set of privileges is economic and social rights. These privileges consist of right to perform, right to have rest and enjoyment, right to have a good quality of lifestyle, right to details and right to have equivalent pay for equivalent performance.Many kinds of breach or violations and discrimination of human privileges are seen in different areas around the globe. For example, Amnesty Internationals 2009 World Report and other sources display that in 81 countries individuals are tormented or misused, Face biased trials in at least 54 countries, Limited in their independence of appearance in about 77 countries. (Amnesty.org)Functions of pain and ill therapy are regularly consecrate by government security solutions and equipped categories, such as continual thrashings, attacks

Crowd and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crowd and Safety Management - Essay ExampleHowever nowadays with the developing adult male suffer new problems which should be addressed. The sports being played today be made as unattackable as possible for the people. The measures of safety be of such importance that some states are implementing reforms in devote to ensure safety and security while these sports are being played. withal this article would further depart a report on all the aspects of security and safety in the stadiums.Cricket is one of the sports which are being played widely in the world these days. Due to its increasing popularity, it is necessary that some measures be introduced to ensure security and safety in the stadiums. Lords is one of the grounds which is quite famous for cricket and is establish in England. Thomas Lord is known to be the founder of this stadium. This stadium has a huge history and is considered one of the biggest stadiums in the cricketing world. This ground is non only being us ed for international matches these days entirely another form of cricket i.e. county is also being played here. The get alongs which manage this stadium are the board of England & Wales also known as the ECB. Similarly to ensure the status of a ground with such a stature the board has coachn some important measures. As the increasing cases of Hooliganism are casualty these days the board is very careful in determining the policies for this stadium. The board has maintained strict rules if their policies are not followed by. Safety in the stadium is ensured by not letting any fan to encipher the premises of the ground without the ticket. The ticket factor has been playing a major role in the attention of sports and thus the board of cricket is monitoring this issue very closely. Legislations in the United Kingdom live been introduced which do not allow any unauthorized personnel to sell tickets of a sporting solvent without the consent of the concerned authority. Similarly t he cricketing board has carried out steps to ensure that ticket touting does not take place. The board has tried to improve its internal system of selling the tickets so that fans directly contact the concerned authorities and do not go for any other middle person. This makes sure that the people who come in the stadium are known and remove any chance of mishap in the stadium. Similarly the cricketing board also reserves the right to remove any one from the ground of Lords if he/she does not obey the operating instructions given to them. This removes the threats of hooligans in the stadium. For e.g. if a person is trying to create an irritating purlieu for others he may be kicked out before any mishap occurs in the stadium. The board does not allow any unauthorized person from entering the area where the cricketers play i.e. the ground where they are playing. The mensuration of alcohol bought into the stadium is also closely reviewed. All the actions taken by the board members ar e by means of the way of setting up check points wherever necessary. These check points are given special instructions by the board members to check every fan which comes into the arena. There are strict rules on the cadence of alcohol brought into the ground. There is a certain quantity maintained by the board members for the amount of alcohol brought into the cricket ground. And if any person is found with an amount of alcohol more then

Court Procedures 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

beg Procedures 1 - Essay ExampleUnjustified questioning and searches were common and caused tension in the pre-revolutionary America. Not any arrest, annexation or search should be made pursuant to a logically effected warrant. The dogmatic Court specifies that jurisprudence might conduct searches or arrests without necessarily producing a warrant so eagle-eyed as the circumstances justifies and/or necessitates such seizures or arrests (exigent circumstance). Consequently, felonies and searches incident to legalized arrest are excluded from the 4th amendment.In a legal proceeding, equity between the victim and the offender and the rule of law must be upheld. The present form of jurisprudence exists to inform about imperative aspects in distressing justice including their rights, responsibilities and psychometric test forms such as trial by compurgation and trial by battle. Commonly, police officers must produce a warrant of arrest when arresting a suspect and prosecution acti on follows unless the charge(s) against the individual are dismissed. The Miranda requires that the police inform a person in custody of their right to remain silent during a criminal proceeding and inform them that anything said might be used as evidence against them in a court. The chapter presents the case of labor union v. Russell where the supreme court upheld a laypersons decision to sentence North to 30 days imprisonment for drunk driving. It considered that the layperson was justified to preside over the case out-of-pocket to inaccessibility of higher courts.Chapter 2 explores the rights, responsibilities and rules governing the use of engine-powered machines and roads. It specifies the occasions under which the police are genuine to conduct an arrest or seizure of a vehicle and its occupiers. A pat down is legitimate at a police station if an officer suspects that the suspect is armed, the automobile is an instrumentality of the time, the recent occupant of the vehicle i s

Dynamics of multinational enterprises (Economics) Essay - 1

Dynamics of multinational enterprises (Economics) - Essay utilisationChina tends to favor FDI through JV route because this gives them the opportunity to boost domestic industries, post luxuriously GDP numbers and maintain a perfect competition in the economy.China as an economy has always welcomed Foreign Investments but through Joint Ventures. The report will discuss the rationale tush such policy of China and how the country has benefited with this policy along with providing mart advantage to incoming companies. In the recent past FISC approach have been prevent in entering new markets and company alike(p) Kotak has used this to a full effect. The report will also analyze benefits of using the FISC approach to market entry for China and Overseas.China has favoured FDI through joint venture route because they wanted all the industries and strategies to be tightly regulated under government supervision. This can only be done if strategies are local anaesthetic in nature and a re made by local people. These local companies have been strongly govern and regulated by Chinese government. The republic of China Government doesnt want to lose this curtail and want it to be tightly regulated (Berger & Udell, 2002).This analysis suggests that exports level from China towards America have uprise again. This is resulting in huge balance of trade payment situation towards China. With this balance of payment situation the Chinese reminibi should appreciate against US dollars. But china follow a fixed currency regime, this is done to bear on Chinese export combative. With revaluation of Chinese currency the trade deficit will not set apart US trade deficit against China. The levels would be similar but it would make Chinese exports less competitive and hence will have an indirect impact on US trade deficit (Berger & Udell, 2002). The exports that Chinese make towards are funded indirectly by Chinese government. This is done by investing in Government of USA Secu rities by Chinese Govt. Hence

Failure of Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Failure of Shareholder Value - Essay ExampleThe present query has identified that despite its perceived role in stimulating business growth, shareholder quantify clay contentious in out-of-business quarters. Whereas the corporate executives penchant for maximizing the share price lacks any historical or legal basis, the refusal of shareholder value in a business organization may as easily spell the end of the fraternitys operations. Regardless of the reasoning, Cole, Sturgess, and Brown have argued that there is no trial-and-error evidence linking corporate focus on shareholder value to an improvement of the status of the economy and or the society. Shareholder value is said to have begun in the second half of the 20th century as an imperative control for managerialexcesses, but over the history, it has turned into a skewed, self-interested doctrine preferred by economists, finance managers, and over-paid corporate managers. According to Roth the supremacy of shareholder value has not yet been codified in law as the most important priority of the corporate world. In most markets, business organizations understructure be established for any legitimate purpose. In fact, there is no corporate charter that supports the submit to maximize profits or share value. Equally missing in law is the need for executives and company directors to be indebted to shareholders under special conditions. The executives owe a fiduciary responsibility to the business organization, which is an merger of different stakeholders. The only exception is that shareholders are legally entitled to the corporations correspondence value upon the organizations fulfillment of its other duties. Notably, company directors still have sweeping powers over the residual value, provided they are not channeling the money to their own pockets.

Taxation Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taxation Project - Essay ExampleAre legal entities whereby the income flows to owners or investors implication that income is treated as either income of the owners or revenue for the investors (Siegel & Shim, 2010). Basing on the local evaluate regulations, the structure can cancel dividend tax and even the double taxation since only investors and owners are always taxed on the income. They are ordinarily considered as non-entities for tax purposes since they are not taxed but taxation flow through to other tax returns. Types of flow through entities include confine partnership, general partnership, scheme corporations, limited liability companies and master limited partnerships.This is a partnership where some of the partners are general whereby they are entitled to manage and control seam while other partners are limited to the contribution of capital only. A legal document that stipulates particularised requirements are usually drawn up for limited partnership.It a partner ship whereby almost all partners has kaput(p) limited responsibilities depending on the jurisdiction. In this partnership, no single partner is held responsible for another partners misconduct or rather negligence.It should be noted that pass through entities pass profit/passing to owners/investors/shareholders and therefore do not turn out tax on its income. The owners of the pass-through entities move items on their income tax return. Partners in their individual capacity are subject to tax as per their distributed shares through the net income of the entity.When it comes to corporations, taxes are aerated differently for other kinds of business structures. A corporation is the only business type that must pay its income tax on the profits generated during a particular fiscal period.It should be noted that corporate is a separate entity from its owners the tax is charged on all profits than

Distinguish between potential and economic growth and discuss the main Essay

Distinguish between potential drop and economic maturement and discuss the main factors determining each - Essay ExampleAlso, is it important that this ability of supply is of every time realised? This paper will attempt to answer these questions. Take a look at an parsimonys business cycle1 showing the potential and the actual growth. It can be seen that there are some(a) discrepancies in the actual and the potential.The Long Run Aggregate Supply curve can be shown as a vertical line in the graph. This figure depicts a yearly gain in the potential output of an economy, which consequently pushes the LRAS to over to the right also. It must be noted also that the progressive increase in Real GDP results in equitable increases in the rightward shift of the LRAS. So what causes the shift in the LRAS? These are described belowThe push force can be described as all the people, 163 years of age and above, who are either employed somewhere, or are actively seeking involution (Labour f orce, 2005). Retirement age4 also affects the number of employable people in the market.The birth judge and the death rates in a country play a major role in determining the coat of available workforce, and also for making predictions for the future. For example, India, the second most populated nation of the world, has a steadily increase birth rate, which predicts that the nation has and will have a surplus of available labour. Contrarily, most nations in westerly Europe, for example Switzerland, have a decreasing birth rate, displaying the nation is likely to face a labour shortage.To match these, immigration5 plays a very important role. The chart displays the dependence that developed economies have on the create world, esp. Asia, to fulfil their labour gaps. The reasons for immigration might be religious or political, but most importantly they are economic (Fairchild p145), where a person believes that he will be able to have a better chance of matching economic returns t o the effort and labour he puts into his work and thus curb a better live with a higher standard of living.This

Evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Evidence - Research Paper ExampleWhile the $10 note serial follow that was used by the infracover police officer had matched the one that the defendant was found possessing in his pouch after the drug was purchased, the discrepancy emanated from the description of the defendant by the Eye officer, who gave details such as the defendant creation seen wearing a V-necked T-shirt, with a key on his chain and holding a ginger dale bottle (Weingarten, n.d.). The Eye officer further alleged to have seen the defendant from a surpass of 50 to 60 feet, which in reality turned come in to be 172 feet distance from the investigations that were later carried stunned (Weingarten, n.d.). Thus, it is the full divine revelation of the evidence from the quest side, which allowed the defending side to realize the discrepancy and thus the effect deceitfulness of the police officer. The purpose of broad disclosure is to help the defense and the prosecution side to raise well for the fiber. Esp ecially, broad disclosure of the evidence held by the prosecution is required, to avoid surprises to the defense, during the trial (Ferdico, 72). Additionally, broad disclosure of evidence is necessary because it is through the broad disclosure of the evidence, that any disparity and discrepancy rout out be identified, which consequently would serve to tell whether either side of the case is being genuine and truthful, or other than (Federal Judicial Center, 33). The broad disclosure is also essential, since it allows for the motor hotel to have both incriminating and exculpatory information, which then allows it to determine the guilt or otherwise of the defendant. Thus, it is through broad disclosure that a balanced case is enhanced, which then serves to identify the truth, and inform the necessary action by the courts. Various penalties have been set out for failing to give the broad disclosure of evidence, especially the exculpatory evidence, which could help the court determ ine that the defendant was not guilty, and thus set him/her free. The first penalty is that the court may order the party that did not make the necessary disclosure to do it at a specific time, place and manner (Gardner and Terry, 40). The court may also penalize the party that did not make the full disclosure, through allowing the opposing party some more time to go through the newly disclosed evidence, so that the party can prepare well for the trial. Thus, the party that failed to disclose evidence appropriately is punished through having the case being deferred to a later date (Keane and Paul, 63). Finally, the biggest and most punishing penalty that the party that failed to disclose appropriately superpower get is that, it may be prevented to use the evidence that it did not disclose to the opposing party in the case (Khan, 12). This means that no matter how useful and convincing the evidence might be, the party entrust not take the advantage of such information to prove the ir case. However, there is some evidence that is exempted from disclosure, which is provided under the exclusionary influence of evidence discovery. Under this rule, it is provided that the work product of the government shall not be disclosed (Gardner and Terry, 44). This rule provides that any documents that have been made by the government in the course of the investigation or prosecution of the case shall remain confidential, and thus

The Invention and history of Coca Cola( in the United States) Research Paper

The Invention and history of Coca Cola( in the United States) - Research Paper ExampleCoca-Cola was constitute by him in a three legged brass kettle as a go forth of serendipity when he was experimenting with the coca leaf and cola nut (The History of Coca-Cola).After preparing the syrup for Coca-Cola, he took the immure along the street to Jacobs Pharmacy. It was at this place that the sample was termed Excellent. The drink was highly appreciated and it was change at five cents per glass. He accomplished get-go coke commercial and gave it a slogan Delicious, Refreshing, tickle pink (Fascinating Facts about the Invention of Coca-Cola).Pemberton fought during the Civil War for the South. He shifted to Atlanta after the war and started selling tangible medicines. He was innovative and this made him operate his own laboratory under the name Pemberton Chemical Co. The near favourite drink sold by Pemberton was Pembertons French Wine Coca, a drink inclined(p) with wine and coca e xtract, and was widely accepted to cure nervous disorders, headache etc. The innovation act and he came up with the brain tonic, a temperance drink Frank Robinson, a bookkeeper of Pemberton, first scripted this drink Coca Cola and this became the logo of the brand (Inventor of the Week Archive).Later, Asa Griggs Candler made Coca-Cola a popular drink in 1888. With his efforts and alterations he rectified the drink and made it more palatable by eliminating inebriant and cocaine. He popularized the drink through advertisements moreover, he spent 20% revenue on advertize. Candler was a introduce to have advertisement pay off in such a grand manner for the play along (The History of Coca-Cola).The sale turned over to 4000% between the years 1890-1900. This gargantuan and massive success is attributed to the advertising potential that the company has shown. The advertisements were initiated by Candler, but later Coca-Cola became the most preferred soft drink of lowly town and big c ity inhabitants (The History of Coca-Cola).People used to gather to have the

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

intelligence Review - Essay ExampleThe writer grasps the attention of the writer through its fascinating revelations. Carr celebrates and admits in the have that the internet has given has many leisure facilities and conveniences, providing us quick and easy to access services. He has reflected on the notion, that with the advent of Internet and its overpowering nature in our lives, human mind has also become a technical mind. Internet has changed the way human mind thinks, it only encourages it to click and flick, losing its interest in the literature and packing good books. One of the reasons, for loss of interest is that internet has lessened our power to focus, Carr admits himself that he cannot read a book without losing concentration and his mind wandering after every few minutes. Carr reflects that the Net and multimedia strains our cognitive abilities, diminishing our learning and weakening our understanding (129). Carr has exhibited through different relations that beca use of the distractive nature of the internet and the various digital technologies, fewer and fewer people feel interested in introspective, deep training activities. Carr is one of those technology writers who does not indulge in geeky tech writing, rather he grips his reader by beautifully crafted narrative and turns the technical details into sheer poetry.Carr starts the book mainly my admitting his own weaknesses in focal point and his distractive mind. He admits that he has been unable to focus lately and his mind is wandering to different other unrelated things and activities. He admits that it is not just about reading the books but he also has trouble focalisation on other tasks as well and he keeps forgetting things and his memory is not as good as it used to be. He thinks that although the new media is changing the way we think and affecting our brain in several(prenominal) ways, it has several side-effects and one of the most observable and noticeable ones are that our brain is losing the power to

Madrigal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Madrigal - Essay ExampleIt was a through-composed setting of a short poem. It withal recalls a strophic song with a ritornello (refrain)- the trecento madrigal.Madrigals of the early 16th-century had no refrains or any other features of the old formes fixes, having sequential repetitions of musical theater and textual phrases. The original music is suited to the rhythm and sense of the words accompanied each phone line of poetry.Four-voice settings of the madrigals were a trend approximately during 1520 to 1550 but eventually a five-vocal sets became a rule after the in-between of the century and settings for six or more parts were not unusual. The word voices is to be taken literally the madrigal was a piece of vocal chamber music intended performance with one vocalist to a part. As a style of the 16th century, however, instruments often took their part or simply twofold the voices.In the early madrigal period the major, Italian composers who were active in Florence were the Fr anco-Fleming Philippe Verdelot and the Italians Bernardo Pisano and Francesco de Layolle and Verdelot, Pisano and Constanzo Festa, active in Rome. Adrian Willaert and Jacquez Arcadelt also became popular in Venice which is another early center. Frottola-like textures of the earliest madrigals were embodied in the works of Pisano and Festa and the four-voice pieces by Verdelot.

Work Study In Business Essay Example for Free

Work Study In Business bear witnessDiscuss the reasons why modern organisations engaged in the construction and property industries should use hold out story in their line of merchandise.The reasons why a modern organisation should use go away dissect in their business can be determined because of the potential benefits it can provide to the efficient running of the organisation.Work memorize is the systematic occupy of solvees or operations to ensure the more than efficient use of human and resources that atomic number 18 available. It is also known as the judgment of conviction/motion study and since its introduction it has developed the course of instituting precedent times with the motion study improving work methods by involving different techniques. With the refining and integration of these two techniques it become a generally accepted method for the improvement and advancement in work processes and systems that atomic number 18 used within the construction and property industries as well as many others involved in production. The quantitative analysis of time study leads to establishing a time standard. The qualitative analysis for motion study of a work station leads to the improvement or design of an activity or operation. Work study resulted from amalgamating concepts and practices which were developed by F.W. Taylor and by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.The facial expressions that are important in the work study are the evaluation of human work, work measurement techniques are designed to create how long it will expect a qualified worker to perform a specific job at a trusted level of performance. Construction and property companies can use the work study to establish the necessity for the process of estimating labour, necessary remuneration and incentives for staff. The basic approach to this method will incorporate the procedure of Select (The work to be studied), Record (The relevant facts), Examine (the facts critically), Deve lop (the most effective method), Install (the new method) and reserve (by performing regular checks).Work study is used to show the needful effort and time that is required to perform particular tasks and when more efficient ways of doing the task. The task can usually be crushed down into different motions and how long an average worker takes to perform these motions is then measured by utilize a camera and stop watch.It can be seen from the history of work study that the methods of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth crystallise out to find the best method of doing a specific job, in his experience of bricklaying he disc everywhere his instructor was using three different set of motions when laying bricks, when he started his own business he introduced several procedures which improved the motion pattern and increased productivity from 120 bricks laid per hour up to 350.In my line of work we carry out surveys on behalf of institutions such as the NHS for space and usage, by using a f orm of the work study over a period of between a week and a month we analyse the occupancy of the rooms and whether they are empty, under, fully or over used. Once this information has been collected, collated and analysed then we can see where savings for the particular trust can be made.This can be based upon economic, technical or human conditions, whether they are planning on downsize/merging or moving to larger premises, whether the space is fully use or if it is up to the negligible requirements for standard working conditions. A rating can then be identified for each aspect and other reviews are compared allowing for decisions to be made and improvements can then be implemented. The results of the study can be integrated into the time and effectiveness of how people use their time and whether or not it is fully utilised and then whether there are better working practice methods that can be identified and implemented.By integrating this approach to improve the work system w hich is known as methods engineering it can be applied to many other construction or property organisations. The work study uses both the time and motion study together to ensure that the results are both rational and reasonable are fulfild, in fix up for this to be successful it is of significant importance that the study of motion is fully understood so that when applying it to the time study so that the results are as accurate as possible. However with construction projects abstracted repetitive operations to monitor and due to numerous variable factors, such as the weather and diverseness of labour, this will affect how work is performed, it is only generally provided as a guide to quantitative figures which should be included in other management tools.The time study measures how long is required in order to perform a specific task by an average work with a specified method, if a new work method is introduced then a time study needs to be changed in line with the new method.B y analysing the different work methods and the equipment that is used when a job is performed then a more optimum and standardised method can be introduced. This method will contribute towards the essay for better and improved methods, whilst ensuring optimum working procedures and effective use of management utilisation tools to help achieve higher productivity.In relation to my work beam it was noticed that time and effort was being superfluous due to a lack of a suitable and sufficient filing system files were regularly mislaid and no backup records were kept. By analysing these ineffective methods it was evident that improvements were needed and therefore following this study and more effective and efficient system was put into place which addressed all the identified problems in the study.The benefits of work study is to have an increase in operational efficiency and productivity, reduce manufacturing costs, improve the work place layout, provide better capacity and manpower planning, provide fair benefits and conditions to employees, improve the work flow, reduce handling cost of materials, provide a performance standard to measure the efficiency of the labour force, improve industrial and employee morale, provide a better basis for any incentive schemes and more job satisfaction for employees.

Pearl Harbor Essay Example for Free

beadwork Harbor EssayWhen we were asked to consider a question to answer, which would have been suitable for our personal study, I knew directly away that I would want to structure my question around free f exclusively Harbor. Since childhood, watching movies about driblet Harbor always caught my attention. From most movies and books it seemed to me as if the lacquerese people were just cruel and evil people, who had no basis to attack the States so was this the reason for the bombing? That they were just cruel people? Or did they have a legitimate reason which had been completely cut out of history by authors and the Hollywood directors?That question was embedded in my mind, and I always thought that I would research it when I had time, or to speak the truth, be motivated to. later sitting a few classes in lower ordinal history, which was based upon our personal studies I had realised that this was the time I was looking for. I could answer a question that in reality ma de me think, and non only that I would also be doing it as a little study. This furthered my interest on such(prenominal) a crucial time during World War Two. I went to the library and took out a couple of books regarding Pearl Harbor.Once I had take aim the books I fancied I would now know the reason for lacquer bombing Pearl Harbor, but the books I read had something in common, it told me how the bombing took place, how many were kil guide or injured etc, but never once mentioned why this all had taken place. The bombing by a few historians was seen as a focal point in that era, which helped untroubled a win for the Allies, so why was only half of the story published? In- situation it I possessed the same amount of knowledge on this particular topic, as I had done previously.This was when I resolute to take it a step further and took out a selection of books regarding the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and also did some research on the internet. At first it was everyplacewhelming having so much study in front of my eyes and now knowing how I should analysis it all. This was when I decided that I would read each book/site at different times of the day so I did not get conf occasiond. After each book or site I had read, I took a notepad and jotted down all the crucial sentences, phrases, and even copied pictures which would give me jump start.Now knowing that the question was answerable, I submitted it to my history teacher. Whilst I was awaiting her acknowledgment, I for some unknown reason had left everything unfinished. It was only during Christmas holidays, did I really start to think about a basic plan for my personal studies. I knew that in hail I should be aiming to have at least three chapters (which did not include my conclusion). I would go bad them into three separate categories time leading up to the bombing, the day the bombing had taken place, and finally a key reason for the atrocity following a conclusion to tie up the lose ends.After recei ving a conformation on the title, all I had to do was to read my notes which had been previously written a little while before. I would say that making my notes before writing the study had helped me a lot. I did not have to waste my time finding and analysing facts, as I had already done so. By the end of January, I had completed my first complete draft. It seemed to me that I had covered all the relevant issues which had to be mentioned which would help me get an answer.In total my first draft was made up of two-thousand one-hundred words, around a little more than a thousand words misfortunate than the maximum allowed. I took advantage of this and decided that I would use this gap to analysis each fact I presented. This was a good vagary as I could comment on whether I thought a source was true or not. Overall I was satisfied with what I had achieved, in the space of time I had left. In coming(prenominal) if I were ever given a similar task as this, I would remember to use t he time wisely, and not take it for granted.I am sure if I had done that this time round, I would have been able to go through more sources, which would have given me a much disclose image to discuss. Another aspect of this study, which I am happy about is the fact it has shown me that I am capable of tell such an awkward question, and can make a sound judgment on what are relevant facts and what are just unreliable. This study also gave me a new perspective on the whole topic surrounding the incident at Pearl Harbor I got an answer to my question, and had been embed a new question in my head.Did America provoke lacquer into making the first move, which would secure the fate of America fighting the Nazi regime? Who knows, some time in the future when I have the motivation I may be very well be answering that question, and am sure I could to a reasonable job of it due to the skills I have picked up from answering this study. Please Note The writing in italic is the quote and the writing in bold is my comment on the source. The letter or number beside the quote indicates where I got it from, the list of books and sites can be seen on the last page.Chapter One Events leading up to the attack of Pearl Harbor The japanese attack on the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor was less an attempt to provoke the unite States into a declaration of war than a final admission that war surrounded by the United States and Japan was bound to come. Through hindsight I know that this quote is quiet reliable it shows that there was hostility between the twp nations which had provoked the bombing. When trying to answer the question (above) and you come across such quotes you can see the jigsaw taking shape.On the other hand, I lock up have to be cautious as this was written thirty-nine course of studys after the bombing, and could have been exaggerated to make Japan look as if they were run off mongers. This signaled the end of a long period of increasing bitterness be tween the two nations. The struggle was concentrate on on Japans ambitions for an unchallenged hegemony in the Far East. During the early 1920s the Americans held a conference in Washington. This was in direct result of Japan ceasing Manchuria.The reason America had condemned and refused to recognize the state of Manchukuo (which was set up to sub Manchuria) was solely due to the fact that the Japanese troops had just marched into Manchuria and took it over, as well as the fact that it presented a direct threat to the open door policy. Japan was becoming an increasingly crowded untaught Manchuria offered around 200,000 square kilometers of land, which to the Japanese looked as an attractive offer. By 1931 Japan had invested vast sums of money into the thriftiness of Manchuria, which at that time was controlled by the south Manchuria Railway Company.In order to protect the money Japan had invested, they stationed a large army in the South of Manchuria. An explosion on a section o f the South Manchuria Railway had given the Japanese an excuse to blame the local population of sabotage and to occupy Manchuria. The Americans in Washington stated that Great Britain, United States, and Japan would be allowed to have the amount of ships in a ocean fleet at the ration of 553. Obviously the Japanese were the ones to pull the short straw. As years went by, there were several more treaties signed and enforced, which furthermore restricted Japan and its naval fleet.The same treaties also had an impact on the United States and Great Britain, but it had a deeper impact on Japan, rather than on the western super powers. In December of 1936 Japan has urged the United States to be balmy and allow them (Japan) to have naval parity, but this was rejected on the grounds of pre-existing treaties. The rejection had given no other alternative, but to withdraw from the London Conference, which was going to be held on January of 1936. Within a year of the withdrawal, the Japanese construction of naval vessels had, exceeded that of France, Italy, Germany and Russia.They were now looking to be a formidable rival to the American fleet in the Pacific. As they were re-arming their forces, they had noticed that many countries in Asia seemed to fear the Japanese. This to Japan looked like a new opportunity for Japan to conquer Asia. Already Japans leaders were declaring a policy of Japanese hegemony over Eastern Asia. When chair Roosevelt declared I hate war in a words in 1936, Japan must have sensed that they would most probably get away with attacking USA. When President Roosevelt said that he hated war, I would say that it had a hidden agenda behind it. keen that the only way he could go to war was is someone from the axis would attack the USA he knew that Hitler was scared to bring in America, so they had to provoke another member of the axis, as Italy was to far, it would have to be Japan. Knowing that if Japan was provoked they would make a rash move, he se t out to seafarer them. First say he hates ware, then secondly move and rename a fleet to the pacific, prominent a mirage which showed that American troops were sitting ducks which was not capable of defending itself from an attach.This source is quiet reliable as it has from the President of America during the period it question, and it also had a direct correlations with the study title, as it shows that America was trying to play a cat and mouse game with Japan. In the month of July of the year 1937, Japan had ceased the opportunity and moved its forces to Inner Mongolia, and Northern China. The reason they did this was because they could extend their control of power. The Americans had sympathized with the Chinese and public vista asked for something stronger to be done, rather than moral gestures put forward.President Roosevelt replied with nothing more forceful than his Quarantine speech of October 1977. The President saw war as a disease and that the best thing would be t o decimal point the contagion strewinging. He suggested A quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease. The League of Nations in 1932 had condemned the actions that were inflicted by Japan, which violated the Nine Power Treaty and the Kellogg Pact. To show Japan and the replete(p) world, that the League of Nations would not accept such atrocities, they offered to hold a conference in Brussels.As anticipated, Japan bluntly did not attend. Shortly after this, the Americans had decided that they were going to evacuate all their nationals from Chinese territories. The Japanese militarists saw this move as a sign of weakness. To test the ever so fragile cabinet and leader of the Americans, Japan had bombed and sunk Gunboat Panay, on 13th December 1937 in the Yangtze River. The Americans immediately protested, demanding reparations. Japan apologized speedily and paid indemnities. Japan had taken over most of Northern and Central China by 1938.This led America to urge to manufactures to put a moral embargo on the shipments of aircrafts and other ware attributed material. This did not seem to disturb, nor stop the Japanese from invading. By 1940 they had marched to the French-Indo China region, and had taken control. By now, there was sharp unlikeness on United States policy towards Japan in American government circles, with the cabinet itself divided. Experienced diplomats and statesmen such as Henry Morgenthal and Henry L. Stimsom said that some sort of ultimatum should have been given to Japan.In raise pressure Roosevelt issued an order restricting the supply of strategic materials, especially petroleum products to Japan. After much deliberation, he also allowed a naval fleet to re-base itself from San Diego to Pearl Harbor, which was in Honolulu, Hawaii. They were later renamed to the Pacific Fleet. Now tensions between the two nations were going to increase to a new level. The Japanese had to avoid provoking the Americans into war diplomatically, whilst still taking their exploiting their opportunity to the fullest possible.

Team Weekly Reflection Essay Example for Free

Team Weekly mirror image EssayComp atomic number 18 and contrast common law contracts and the UCC Article 2 with your team. Your banter should include the topics you are booming with, the topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to operation in your field. economize a 350- to 1,050-word wallpaper detailing the findings of your discussion.Law Business LawDiscuss the, levelheaded Issues in Cyberspace excerpt in Section 24-5 of Ch. 24, and Section 24-6, Copyright Infringement, of the text. Discuss the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how these issues relate to application in your field.Write a 350- to 700-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion.Try to do everything in moderation when you get into college for the first time. This means that you should not party too grave or make water too hard during your experience. Have a lot of fun, but make sure that you understand you are going to college to check up on and expand your possibilities for employment.This document of LAW 421 Week 5 Team Weekly Reflection comprisesBusiness Law and OrderCompare and contrast common law contracts and the UCC Article 2 with your team. Your discussion should include the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how the weekly topics relate to application in your field.Write a 350- to 1,050-word paper detailing the findings of your discussion.Law Business LawDiscuss the, Legal Issues in Cyberspace excerpt in Section 24-5 of Ch. 24,and Section 24-6, Copyright Infringement, of the text. Discuss the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how these issues relate to application in your field.Write a 350- to 700-word paper detailing the For downloading more tutorials visit https//bitly.com/1oJLCMfTry to do everything in moderation when you enter college for the first time. This means that you should not party too hard or work too hard during your experien ce. Have a lot of fun, but make sure that you understand you are going to college to learn and expand your possibilities for employment. Law Business LawDiscuss the, Legal Issues in Cyberspace excerpt in Section 24-5 of Ch. 24, and Section 24-6, Copyright Infringement, of the text. Discuss the topics you are comfortable with, the topics you struggled with, and how these issues relate to application in your field.

Journal Entry Essay Example for Free

Journal Entry EssayIn the ordinal century, the journal of my Irish ancestor, Detective Robert Shorts, was found during an Estate sale. He immigrated from Ireland in the early 1850s as a teenager and spent the later part of his life as Detroits Detective and, later, law of nature Chief. The following are his words. October 24, 1872, Detroit. It was a baleful time. The city had been safe since the 1830s, so safe that women could walk well-nigh without their husbands or go to go without an escort. Now. Well, now things were slanted. I found myself standing alongside the latest victim, pretty, well-dressed, not a prostitute.A lady of means, murdered in broad sidereal daylight. I wondered what the world was coming to. behind in Ireland, this never would have happened to her. Things were different in that location. The main difference being that in Ireland, you knew where the bad neighborhoods were, and unless you were on that point for reasons unmentionable, you avoided them like the plaguefor thats what it would get you, and that would be the best of things. Things had changed so much if you didnt chicane the new buildings in town you could get easily lost and wind up in a bad spot.Which is probably what happened to the lady, I considered. I saw nothing that would have placed her in this dark alley that used to be a small, slightly urban park. My hand rested on my side arm as the citys finest surrounded me to take pictures of the scene and lay the tape that would seal this fair sexs fate in history as oneness of the first victims of organized crime. December 26, 1880, Detroit. I was named Police Chief today, called in to work to have the torch handed down to me as the hold water Police Chief had been murdered by vindictive members of the mob.As of yet, we have apprehended no one in the cursed plague of murders that have been a result of their organized crime since I began as Detective on the force in the early 1870s. As the holiday passed me witho ut celebration, I began to wonder wherefore I ever came to this country. I came alone, without parents to support me, and with only my wits to get me to this country of freedom and inspiration. America. knowledge base of the free, brave, and dangerous. I dont know what most immigrants were thinking or where we got such ideas.But, in business crime for commerce, it is true that I make much in wages in one calendar month today than I ever made in more than than two years of factory work back in Ireland. Yet, in looking out my window, I considered what there was to feel inspired active when more than six slaughterhouses surrounded the precinct. I had to endure the rancid smell of rotting meat day in and day out while I worked my cases. The mayor has promised change in the area of expansion, and a business district, which would place the markets and businesses on a different block, but that ideal seems a long delegacy off.The papers said today that the city has seen extensive grow th, moving the population from two thousand to more than one hundred sixteen thousand in the late(prenominal) fifty years (Schneider, 3). Thats more than one hundred thousand people who have moved within the city lines in the past fifty years. Its no wonder the city is floundering in crime and un-planned expansion. From what Ive seen, this dramatic addition has done more for the volume of crime and murder than it has for the success or development of the city, but there is hope of a revitalization from the industrial revolution sweeping the nation, even reaching a dark place like Detroit.

Late-2000s recession Essay Example for Free

Late-2000s recession EssayEuropean Tour Operators have managed to achieve a strong posture in the tourism industry. The two biggest ones, TUI Travel and Thomas Cook, have a outsized market sh are. However, in the latter part of the decade, between 2007 and 2010 the industry has experienced a downturn because of the turbulent environment which was created revolutionary threats and modified the competitive forces. PoliticalTaxation Policies on travel methods by different countries has a large impact on the tourism industry, governments leave alone some subsidies and tax exemptions in their countries in order to foster the right tourism. Visas into certain countries mint also cause people to stop locomotion there as corrupt countries can charge large amounts of money to gain them. Political instability can non only affect the country in which it is but also neighbouring countries. The same also happens when terrorist acts happen on a country or are from a country. Economical Globalisation of travel companies and airlines has meant that many countries can provide services that they could not before do to cultural knowledge. With companies being global there are also economies of scale to be gained. TUIs vertical and horizontal integration makes them very competitive and they provide services across all holidaying experiences. Exchange rates area large part to the amount of tourists travelling from each country. If one countries currency becomes weaker than others it is more likely to become a holiday destination due(p) to a foreseen value for money.This affects the company less as they have a stronger position than the node in that they can charge the customer depending on the country with the stronger currency. The recession has also caused some issues at heart the industry as there have been some companies that have not been successful. TUI managed to make it

Loneliness - theme within Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

L bingleliness point deep down Steinbecks Of Mice and Men EssayLoneliness is the theme Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. He describes loneliness, and secluded lives of men who work on the cattle farm. George and Lennie who to beat backher timber a dream, their partnership of farming their own work. Mutually they partake in a relationship so rare, travelling so many a(prenominal) miles together building independence upon one an other. Lennies loving puppy-like acknowledgment has its advantages and disadvantages. His inhering simplicity is also considered as naivety, which in many cases leads to disaster. For instance he reverts to fighting when he slope get his way Crashing back through the bush. This proves his childish qualities and immaturity. As with George who adopts a father figure consumption is by far more realistic, sensible and reliable. Hes independent suggesting that I could get along so easy and so nice if I didnt have you no my taillive easy and get a g irl. Alone the deuce would not survive the cruel ways of the world but together as where one lacks the other gains building a strong companionship.We discover further information about the unaccompanied lives of specific characters lively on the ranch from chapter two onwards. Steinbeck at the beginning of chapter two sets the scene. He illustrates the deserted spread of land of which, Lennie and George go in across the ranch. They encounter an unfamiliar face by the name of Swamper, a crippled senile man who introduced them to the bunkhouse and discussed Whitey a former worker. Whitey was a blacksmith, was strangely hygienic and kept himself to himself.He had the tendency to dress-up dismantle when he wasnt going anywhere put on a necktie even as the swamper described. He had recently quit as he had an issue with all food. This I opinion shows a life of very small meaning. I cant imagine anyone who is completely fulfilled to tweak at food for the reason of just because? Gimm e my time. This I think is Steinbeck showing some evidence of loneliness. A man could be so desolate that he would look to divulge any excuse to appoint a fuss, to be noticed. He seemed to create the excitement in which he lacked so desperately, dressing up on any occasion possible a reason to wake up each dawnA character in the story that experiences loneliness is the swamper also known as Candy. A pally and elderly man, who has worked at the ranch for many years. He stays at the bunkhouse with a dog as a companion. Candy and his dog are inseparable. Candy depends on the loyal hound, and they have shared many happy times together. Later on in the story, Candys dog is forced to be put cumulus for the reason that the rest of the workers disagree for the nasty and decayed mutt to be kept alive.The workers constantly complained of the corsage of the dog However, Candy and his dog were literally attached by the hip and the stench had sour unknown and became part of Candy he had b een around him so much I never notice how he stinks. This I think explains part of Candys loneliness that without his dog there is a great emptiness within him. George and Lennie soon befriended Candy after the death of the dog, proposing a chance to go into line of business together. This seems like the prospect of a lifetime to Candy, his hope for companionship and a secure job to rely on. His destiny to find fulfilment in many respects has come true and will do any involvement in his own power to make sure its not taken away from him.Another character that is lonely is Curlys wife an attractive woman with full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Fingernails varicolored red, hair hung in little rolled clusters. She was known to be flirtatious with a bitchy personality, a terrible reputation. Curlys Wife had seen life as a disappointment failing in her lifes goals coulda been in the movies verbalize so frequently and her bitterness towards anyone who was happi er or more successful than herself. She is found picking on those slight fortunate than her as when she made the remark They left all the weak ones here, clearly it obvious that the signalise was meant to be offensive.A reason for all this cruel behaviour may be loneliness Curlys Wife has no friends and a husband that ignores her. He never seems to be around Any you boys seen Curly? Hes usually in a hoar house or out with the guys. Although, extremely over protective of her. The ranch workers had little respect for Curlys Wife by speaking of her as something of Curlys, no importance she often feels that she is never wanted. Curlys Wife discovers Lennies desire of her in which she takes of advantage of. For once there is someone with an interest of her I get lonely I never get to talk to nobody. When Curlys wife hides behind the make or makes primitive remarks it could be because shes insecure within herself, lacking confidence so when she puts people down it makes her feel bette r.The character that experiences the most loneliness is Crooks also known as the Nigger.He is crippled from a damaged linchpin resulting in an odd shape figure (hunch back). He is described to have eyes deep in his head his lean face was lined with deep black wrinkles, and thin pain-tightened lips which were lighter than his face. Crooks lives alone as around the time the story was set to be in there were race issues causing discrimination, which was disastrous for Crooks. Over the years of working in such a secluded environment Crooks seemed to have become bitter and nasty warning people away Dont come where youre not wanted. Crooks seemed to talk to no one other than Slim a real skinner he looks out for his team. Crooks respected Slim, as he was the only one who would treat him as if he were a human being. You learn about Crooks when Lennie approaches him in his bunk.At first he is completely against the idea and tries to worry Lennie with the thought that George maybe hurt or unable to come back Spose he gets killed, or hurt so much, he cant come home. This was poof of Crooks evil way of thinking leaving Lennies mind running crazy but he shortly reassures him saying he will come back, no need to worry. We discover later that Crooks lived a happy childhood playing with the white kids from next door. He also had close relationships with his brothers. It was later on in life that the harsh world ended up him living such a lonely life. He is self-conscious, believing no one to ever like him so when he meets Lennie and discovers he very takes interest in him, he is shocked and even suggest to help in the assistance of the business between George, Candy and Lennie when he over here the discussion between the three.

Great expectations - review of three film versions Essay Example for Free

with child(p) expectations review of deuce-ace film stochastic variables EssayIn my English lessons I have been reading come forwardstanding expectations as part of my pro 1914-prose study, and have chosen to do my media assignment on film adaptations of the adjudge. I will be comparing and contrasting the three film versions, David Leans 1945 film is the eldest version which is in black and white, the BBC serialisation and the in style(p) BBC film version, and the original novel. I will structure my essay by writing about incompatible beas of the adaptations e. g. soundtrack, first with similarities thusly differences between the versions.Sequencing The sequencing of the col scene of great expectations adaptations be each(prenominal) quite similar except the a la mode(p) BBC adaptation, the David Lean and BBC serialisation have the same sequencing, mass so it is unlike the 2 other film versions. The David Lean film and BBC serialisation have the sequencing to the highest degree of the arrest so proclaim the story in the same way as Charles Dickens did. dapple the David move version is more than compact due to time limitations and the BBC serialisations has more detail they both tell the same set of events in the same way.And only differ from the book in the precise offshoot where they show snap the central character in the book hurry across the marshes to the church, where the book starts in the churchyard. The in style(p) BBC version is very(prenominal) different form the book and two other adaptations in its sequencing, it starts with Pip running away from the doom across a wheat field, when the inpatient catches up with Pip in the graveyard, he asks no questions about his parents or where he lives like the book.It then switches straight to Pip running home across the marshes, when he arrives home events from the second chapter take place when the events of the first havent finished being explained. The rest of the seque nces of the opening chapter take place as flashbacks while pips sleeping. Soundtrack As with the sequencing the sound track for the latest BBC adaptation is very different to the other two versions as it has a different set of sequencing. The David lean version and BBC serialisations soundtrack are quite similar but the advances in technology makes the serialisation far more advanced than the senior David lean version.The David Lean version soundtrack starts with the opening of the book being narrated by an older version of Pip as the younger version crosses the marshes. The BBC serialisation soundtrack is similar to the David Lean version as it begins with narration by an older version of pip as he crosses the marshes. And the latest BBC version soundtrack is very different to the other two, as it starts with quiet music and Pips heavy breathing and rustling as he is running away from the convict.The arrival of the convict is very similar in the David Lean version and BBC serialis ation soundtrack with the same build up, whistling perfumes and creaking trees make up a tense atmosphere, which is shattered by the arrival of the Convict. This is very different in the Latest BBC version. The arrival of the Convict in the David Lean version soundtrack is marked by him grabbing Pip and Pip screaming, the convict then threatens Pip in the following dialogue. thusly the convict turns him upside down a lot of rustling and jingling from the convicts chain on his leg. The convict then demands items from Pip in the following dialogue while alimentation an apple and breathing heavily. At the end of the scene where Pip is running home across the marshes, the whistling winds from the graveyard are perceive again. The arrival of the Convict in BBC serialisation soundtrack is different to the David Lean version you hear Pip switch on and as he gets he catches sight of the convict and takes a surprised breath.The convict then moves toward him you canful hear the chain on his leg jingle with every step he takes, he then talks to Pip. He shakes Pip lots of jingling and grunting, when he resumes dialogue with Pip he is eating a piece of bread. Just before the end of the scene the convict threats Pip speaking in a whisper, then walks of to bouncy music with his chain jingling. The Convict is introduced in the latest BBC version soundtrack by Pip falling with a thud, trying to hide breathing deeply.The Convict catches up breathing heavily and his chain jingling with his footsteps, as the Convict sticks Pip, Pip lets out a scream then the convict says a short amount of dialogue. The David Lean and BBC serialisation soundtracks are quite similar but the serialisation has the advantage of longer running time and detail and better technology, the only difference is the whistling wind at the end of the scene in the David Lean versions apposed to the bouncy music of the convicts departure in the BBC serialisation.The latest BBC version soundtrack is a far sh orter and more condensed in the opening scene than the other two adaptations. alike large amounts of dialogue are missed out, even thought it befits from the best technology and methods out of the three adaptations it has the shortest and in my opinion worst soundtrack. Meise en scene Meise en scene is French for what you can look such as characters, props and scenery.The main way to see the difference in the interpretation of the book in the adaptations is by what and how they present characters and locations on screen. As with the sequencing and sound tracking the David Lean version and BBC serialisation are very similar with few differences although the David Lean version is in black and white and the latest BBC version is very different to both of them. The David Lean version starts with the 1st page of Great Expectations opening then the rest of the pages blowing over.The BBC serialisation opens with some flowers on the book cover of Great Expectations wilting away, it is dif ferent to the David Lean opening but is clearly influenced by it. The latest BBC films different sequencing means different images appearance on screen at different time compared to the other two adaptations. It opens with Pip running by dint of a golden wheat field, looking back over his shoulder, his face is dirty and his clothes are hard worn showing that he is a person of lower class in society.This is very different to the other two versions, which show the name of the film/book before the film begins. magic spell the latest BBC version starts in the thick of the story. The appearance of the Convict is very similar in all three versions, which hold true to the book interpretation A fearful man, all in line grey, with a great iron on his leg. The David Lean version while holding true to the book interpretation but makes the Convict more frightening to the audience than the other two versions, as it is exceptional to black and white to make an impact.The BBC serialisation shows the convict more as a worn out exhausted figure that is more likely to make audiences fell sorry for him than be frightened. He is truer to the description laid down in the book than the other to versions down the blackened face and rag tie around his head. The Convict in the latest BBC version is a cross between the two other versions he is more frightening in appearance than the BBC serialisation Convict, but less true to the books description and more detailed than the David Lean versions Convict.Conclusion After watching and reviewing all three-film adaptations, I have headstrong in my opinion that the BBC serialisation is the best adaptation of the book. Because of the level of detail that tells the story as rise and in the same fashion that made the book such a large success, I find it an excellent alternative or compliment to reading the novel.

Corporate social responsibility motivations and country factors Essay Example for Free

bodily affable duty motivations and country factors EssayCorporate societal responsibility (CSR) is an progressively important issue for all businesses around the world. CSR c everywheres sparing, level-headed, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities of firms. Explain the factors that may motivate an MNE to adopt CSR in its internationalist business strategy and operations. How might the country mount influence the types of CSR initiatives undertaken? Support your answer with objective world examples or subject fields.While corporationorate social responsibility (CSR) has existed for a long time, it has garnered attention unaccompanied in the last two decades as an important aspect of doing business. Academic research on CSR has evolved over the years, indicating a change in how CSR is viewed as time goes by. In the earlier years of CSR research, academics sought to signalize a link between CSR and financial per random variableance (Aupperle et al. 1985 McGuire et al. 1998), as though CSR had to be rationalised in browse to exist. But moving forward to the present, CSR has been undoubtedly treasured as a need by umpteen organisations, and research has shifted from discussing macro social effects to an organisational-level abridgment of CSR and its impact on organisational processes and performance (Lindgreen and Swaen 2010, p. 1). In new(prenominal)wise words, CSR research has moved from questioning the why to how of doing CSR, reflecting the growing prominence of the practice. CSR involves the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that hunting lodge has of organizations at a given point in time (Carroll 1979, p. 500). These programs be designed to fulfill a staple economic or social need as expected by the community, honoured by the bon ton in seemliness so as to position oneself as a positively value- crowdn entity (Swanson 1995 Wood 1991).CSR initiatives t inunctette be derived forth of self-interest, or external pressure from institutional economics (Meyer and Rowan 1991 North 1992) or when a participation decides to rise above its economic function to help and aid stakeholders (Trevino and Nelson, 2004). While thither are much reasons for a keep company to engage in CSR, it ultimately assists the corporation in enhancing its legitimacy (Wood 1991) and fit with society at large (Zensisek 1979), creating a symbiotic relationship between stakeholders and companies (Tuzzolinio and Armandi 1981). Unfortunately, CSR has no consensus definition (Dahlsrud, 2008). It is important to recognise from this that CSRis a complex and multilayered concept that requires examination from various angles. In this essay, CSR will be unders in additiond as a firms obligations to act responsibly to all possible stakeholders in the market environment. This essay will now seek to explore the motivations behind pursuing CSR programs by a business organisation, find how various stakeholders and the ge neral public washbasin influence this decision and how the broader country context tail pretend how a company participates in CSR. In the corporate world, companies are fully engaged in CSR initiatives, with more than 80% of Fortune 500 companies leading CSR issues (Esrock and Leichty, 1998), reflecting that CSR is more than an ethical or ideological necessity, but likewise an economic one. As such, more companies today have existingised that not only doing good is the right weigh to do, but it also deceases to doing better (Bhattacharya and Sen 2004, p.9).While it was infamously argued previously that the main(prenominal) purpose of a company was to go for profits and thrive economically (Friedman 1970), enterprises now have the option to do so and at the very(prenominal) time, contribute meaningfully to society at large. The reasons for a MNE to engage in CSR initiatives are multiple. Stakeholder theory (Donaldson and Preston 1995) can be used as a skeletal frame thras h to understand where conducts for CSR heighten. Demand derives from two main groups consumers and stakeholders. Stakeholders of a company include its investors, employees, suppliers and even the local environment that it is located in. The consumer demand for CSR will be addressed first. CSR engagements may result in producing a good that has socially responsible attributes, such as dolphin-free tuna or a non-animal tested product.It could be in less obvious means, such as a clothing company not ultilising sweat shops or child poke in producing its goods. When consumers defile products that bear such attributes, they believe they are indirectly supporting a cause and rewarding firms that gift resources to CSR (McWilliams and Siegel 2001, p. 119). Consumers are able to identify better with a company that engages in CSR activities and feel a stronger federation or attachment to such firms. Consumer oriented CSR also involve intangible attributes, such as reputation. Having a st rong reputation has been linked to attracting more customers, retaining and motivating employees, gaining favour with analysts and the media amongst many more reasons (Bhattacharya and Sen 2004). CSR has come to matter in make believeing a reputation for corporations.The ReputationInstitute ranks the worlds most honorable companies ground on the RepTrak system. RepTrak analyses seven dimensions of corporate reputation Citizenship, Innovation, Governance, Workplace, Leadership, Products/Services and Financial Performance (Reputation Institute 2013). Of which, trine of these dimensions (citizenship, governance and workplace) fall into the CSR category, and analysis has shown that 42% of how people feel abtaboo a firm is based on their perceptions of the a firms CSR practices (Smith 2012, para. 6). The Body Shop, Patagonia and Ben Jerrys are slightly examples that stand out in their respective industries having built reputations centring on socially responsible practices. Hence, it is easy to see why consumers drive the demand for companies to engage in CSR activities. Stakeholders too, demand for CSR for various reasons. McWilliams and Siegel (2001, p.122) have posited that employees will support progressive labour relations policies, safety, financial security, and workplace amenities, such as childcare.Workers are searching for signals that managers are responding to causes they support. Nintendo has many employee well- be programs in place where all employees can receive support in various aspects of their lives. unload training in life-saving skills and first aid, and subsidies for work safety shoes, transportation costs and even gym memberships are provided to help employees achieve work-life balance and a better well being (Nintendo, 2013). It has been observed that CSR initiatives in a firm typically lead to greater employee work satisfaction where job attitudes are improved and fecundness is increased, and is used as a way of attracting talents to a company (Bhattacharya, Sen and Korschun 2012). Valentine and Fleischman (2008) have observed that CSR also plays a part in mediating the relationships between ethics programs and job satisfaction. Taken holistically, effective organisational ethics and CSR activities will sanction more positive beliefs in the firm, as well as the immediate work context and finale (Valentine and Fleischman 2008, p. 167). As observed then, employees play an important role in creating a demand for CSR in firms as they stand to benefit from such programs intrinsically. For some(prenominal) stakeholders and consumers then, CSR programs create an organisational identity that becomes relatable.When companies engage in CSR that underpins their mission and values, stakeholders are able to see an element of themselves in the organisation,which leads to increased support for the company. As already observed, this can lead to stronger purchase intention in customers, or increased job satisfaction in emp loyees. The largest motivation to practise CSR for a company though could lie in developing a competitive advantage. While CSR could be executed simply by donating to charities as corporate philanthropy, some firms have recognised CSR as a strategic tool to use and develop in order to answer not only a societal need, but a business issue as well. Strategic CSR is now a form of social innovation, and by answering crucial problems in society that leads to real, long-lasting change a company will reap the benefits of a better workforce, a new market or higher usance while adding value to society (Kanter 1999). The need to recognise that economic and social objectives are not distinctively opposing but complementary will lead to CSR that can potentially bring about a social benefit and improve fighting (Porter and Kramer, 2002). There are two main business advantages that arise from CSR. Firstly, it presents an opportunity to test out a new technology. Secondly, it provides the oppor tunity to build political capital by influencing regulations, presenting itself as a market leader or to strengthen relationships with government officials (Kanter 1999).This was exactly what Bell Atlantic did through and through Project Explore by going into schools to test out their new High-bitrate Digital ratifier Line (HDSL) technologies with personal computers in the early 1990s. This provided a test ground that would get their technology into the real world and also presented itself as a demonstration site to political leaders for Bell Atlantic to petition favourably for their proposed statewide technology communications plan (Kanter 1999). Bell Atlantic managed to help schools by providing them with computers and new technologies, bettering education and technology literacy, while lighten achieving a business agenda. The competitive context of a company and its business environment can benefit greatly when economic and social goals are seen as mutually linked. Porter and Kr amer (2006) identify four hear areas strategic CSR can claim competitive context positively factor conditions, demand conditions, context for strategy and rivalry, and lastly, related and supported industries. Improving education, in the case of Cisco, enabled them to educate students in computer skills that resulted in a high quality, yet cost effective political program due to Ciscos expertise.Whilst all students from Ciscos Networking Academy may not work for Cisco, the industry at large benefits. Furthermore, well-trained network administrators who graduate from The Cisco Network Academy create demand for higher quality service and solutions (Porter and Kramer 2006, p. 85). CSR can influence in the creation of a more productive and transparent environment for competition (Porter and Kramer 2006, p. 85), such as Transparency outside(a), where corporations have pledged to disclose and dissuade corruption in the world. This aids in building fair competition and higher producti vity. Finally, a company can benefit by supporting a related industry. For example, American Express funds spark and tourism academics in the recognition of its reliance on the hospitality industry for travel-related spending on its ascribe cards (Porter and Kramer 2006, p.85). These examples show how CSR can result in tremendous payoffs when executed effectively. While immediate stakeholders can drive the motivations for CSR initiatives, it is important to consider how the country a company is operating in can meet how CSR activities are chosen and implemented.The different social and cultural differences in each country should be outstanding enough for managers to acknowledge that CSR cannot be entirely universal, especially in the case of worldwide MNEs. Furthermore, different social of necessity and problems will be inherent in each country. For example, the prevalence of AIDS/HIV is vituperative in South Africa. As such, it is only appropriate that companies with a presen ce in South Africa address this issue with the likes of Toyota, Sappi and Mercedes-Benz deploying CSR programs that help employees tackle the pandemic of AIDS/HIV. British Petroleum (BP) (BP 2013), a planetary oil company, undertakes CSR initiatives that are identified as locally relevant, tailoring to the needs of their host communities and societies. A quick peek of their case studies shows various CSR programs ranging from workforce rights in Brazil to community relations in Turkey. While addressing locale-specific issues would be the most effective method of CSR, other factors may uphold or hinder such intention. The legal environment can affect the way CSR is implement in a country greatly. It changes either through strong intervention whereby social responsibility is legally stipulated, or a severe deprivation thereof, which leads to unpaid action by other players (Campbell 2007). France and Brazil are two examples par excellence of how the government can play a key role in creating CSRdemand, albeit in opposite directions.The French government has influenced how CSR has highly-developed and emerged greatly by playing an active role in passing legislation, amongst other policies that requires French companies, including subsidiaries of international firms, to be socially responsible and accountable (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p. 448). On the other hand, Brazils history of a military government has fostered a passive environment where innovation is stifled, including that of encouraging improvements for society (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p.449). As such, cliquish actors such as Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are most active in Brazil to encourage CSR programs to Brazilian companies. While the legal environment can affect how CSR is implemented in a country, it can also affect what type of CSR is initiated. Although France has passed mandates to enforce listed companies submit reports on social and environment impacts, the main area of busines s concern belies in employment rights (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p. 450). Similarly, Brazilian companies are also strongly centraliseed on employee relations and well-being, that being the key principle of CSR in Brazil (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p. 451). CSR then is only translated into one dimension of obligation and other dimensions, though equally pressing take a backseat in the case of France and Brazil. Different priorities in a country culturally can affect how CSR is implemented. In such scenarios, international NGOs come in and encourage other concerns to be addressed.This helps to bring harmony to the imbalance within the CSR activities focused in countries such as France and Brazil. For instance, international environmental NGO, the World Wildlife Fund, has collaborated with French companies to allow the use of their logo, one of the most recognisable brands in the world, on products that meet their standards (Sobczak and Martins 2010, p.452). This has encouraged firms i n France to meet environmental standards that was not previously crucial in CSR portfolios. Through this, French companies are more receptive to practicing CSR that is not inherent to their usual procedures. Despite the specialness of each country and how CSR is ideally done based on local demands, the reality of the matter is that CSR is not alship canal practiced this way. globular MNEs typically have general and universal guidelines on what CSR activities should be undertaken in host countries, and most managers have to be given permission to pursue local CSR from the parent company. Universalism in CSR practices by MNEs creates linearity andcoherence for all stakeholders, but can result in less reigning CSR practices.On the other hand, localised programs may end up being fragmented or ad hoc. There is undoubtedly differing perspective on which approach is preferable, as each holds its argument convincingly (Muller 2006). As suggested by Husted and Allen (2006) then, the key d ifference between global or local CSR is the community that demands it. Another key factor that affects the way CSR is conducted is the tuition of CSR in a globalised world. It has been recognised by scholars (Gugler and Shi 2009 Jamali 2010) that CSR is fundamentally Anglo-Saxon both in history and development. Hence, CSR has a strong presence in the United States and United Kingdom, but is still lacking in both conceptual and practical thinking in countries based in the Confederate cerebral hemisphere. Jamali and Ramez (2007) has noted that legion(predicate) issues with CSR in the Lebanon context. Firstly, CSR is typically executed in tangent to the parent companys mission and values. While it is not necessarily a bad move to have a universally applicable CSR issue identified by a parent company, this may lead to a lack of agency by foreign subsidiaries to pursue CSR that is truly important in a specific context. Hence, CSR in Lebanon is still largely based on altruistic means and charitable giving, which is considered a low-level and basic method of implementing CSR. Interviewed companies by Jamali (2007) did not track the performance of its CSR outputs, showing that CSR is not implemented for a sincere purpose of serving a long-term positive impact to society, but to address the obligatory needs in order to build a positive corporate image. Due to the lack of understanding from global perspectives and North-driven ideology, countries may derive value and meaning from CSR in their own terms (Gugler and Shi 2009).China has come up with their own standards because of the dilemma of being the worlds factory and cannot comply with various standards demanded from different suppliers, it becomes too costly to be effective. In this instance, the Chinese government has developed various rankings and best practices for Chinese companies, and goes as far as prohibiting international certifications unless approved by the right local authorities (Gugler and Shi 200 9, p.15). By doing so, Chinese companies do not face foreign pressure to comply with standards that are unfeasible for their modus operandi. Overall, this essay has shown that there are numerous motivations for companies to practice CSR. Answering demands toachieve higher satisfaction in consumers and employees, helping to build a reputation and in its most strategic form, creates a competitive advantage for companies are some of the benefits that a company can yield through effective CSR. While there are numerous benefits of conducting CSR, CSR implementation is highly diverse due to the various legal, socio-economic and cultural factors that each country brings.Furthermore, due to the development and history of CSR, CSR is still very much in its infancy stage in the Southern hemisphere and pressure to develop a CSR programs similar to current ones in the Northern hemisphere becomes unrealistic and untenable. As such, other actors such as international NGOs may step in to realign a nd create focus for different needs, or countries may come up with their own compliance standards as a global benchmark to ease doing of business internationally. This has shown thus far how CSR is highly complex as a practice, alter from simplistic to more complex approaches, and once again changing within localities due to the needs and issues to be addressed. As CSR continues to develop, one should take notice of how CSR might change in developing countries and how globalisation continues to affect how companies may choose to conduct CSR. ReferencesAupperle, K. E., et al. (1985). An empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of precaution journal 28(2) 446-463. Bhattacharya, C., et al. (2012). Using corporate social responsibility to win the war for talent. MIT Sloan concern brushup 49. Bhattacharya, C. B. and S. Sen (2004). Doing better at doing good when, why and how consumers respond to corporate social init atives. California caution Review 47(1) 9-24 BP (2013). Sustainability. from http//www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability.html. Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review 32(3) 946-967. Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review 4(4) 497-505 Dahlsrud, A. (2008). How corporate social responsibility is defined an analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 15(1) 1-13 Donaldson, T. and L.E. Preston (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review 20(1) 65 Esrock, S. L. and G. B. Leichty (1998). Social responsibility and corporate web pages self-presentation or agenda-setting? Public Relations Review 24(3) 305-319. Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of busines s is to increase profits. New York Times Magazine, September 13 3233, 122, 124, 126. Gugler, P. and J. Y. Shi (2009).Corporate social responsibility for developing country multinational corporations lost war in pertaining global competitiveness? Journal of Business Ethics 87(1) 3-24. Institute, R. (2013). Reputation Institute The Reptrak system. from http//www.reputationinstitute.com/thought-leadership/the-reptrak-system. Jamali, D. (2010). The CSR of MNC subsidiaries in developing countries Global, local, substantive or cut? Journal of Business Ethics 93(2) 181-200. Jamali, D. and Ramez, M. (2007). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory and practice in a developing country context. Journal of Business Ethics 72(3) 243-262. Kanter, R. M. (1999). From spare change to real change The social sector as beta site for business innovation. Harvard Business Review 77. Lindgreen, A. and V. Swaen (2010). Corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Management Reviews 12(1 ) 1-7 McGuire, J. B., et al. (1988). Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal 31(4) 854-872. McWilliams, A. and D. Siegel (2001). Corporate social responsibility A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review 26(1) 117-127. Muller, A. (2006). Global versus local CSR strategies. European Management Journal 24(2) 189-198 Meyer, J. and B. Rowan. (1991). Institutional Organizations Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony, in P. J. DiMaggio and W. Walter (eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London), pp. 4162.Nintendo (2013). Nintendo of America Employee Welfare and Well-being. from http//www.nintendo.com/corp/csr/welfare. Porter, M. E. and M. R. Kramer (2002). The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy. Harvard Business Review 80(12) 56-68. Porter, M. E. and M. R. Kramer (2006). Strategy and society. Harvard Business Review 84(12) 78-92. Smith, J. (2012). The companies with the best CSR reputation. from

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Tony Robbins Use Of Teams Essay Example for Free

Tony Robbins Use Of Teams EssayTony Robbins use of groups is novel and seeks to enhance leadership potential by a process of self empowerment and team learning. Thus the high potential of individuals is employ to empower teams as a whole which in turn improves leadership potential of individuals. Thus a virtuous cycle of team based learning is achieved.This is done by enhancing potential of team members finished intense coaching before exposure to the team, rigorous strategy sessions be held with each of them, to increase the reliance of members within a team which in turn contributes to team efforts. This technique is most effectively employ by Tony Robbins in his program, Date with Destiny to improve leadership. (www.tonyrobbins.com).Date of Destiny is a two correspond training program which uses teams for building leadership potential. In the first stage empowerment is achieved by coaching individuals using expert trainers. In the second stage these empowered individ uals are formed into teams which through a process of learning from each other further hone up their skills, thereby achieving their true potential. It is seen that team members overwhelmed by the contribution that they make selflessly to the each other partake of the joy of team participation. These experiences are said to be life changing for those striving to be leaders.On the other hand by interaction and leading a team, even those who are good leaders in their own by rights are particularly benefited by the program, Date with Destiny as they get to learn from leading parvenue teams and are exposed to different experiences in interacting with people in a structured team environment. This is a novel and powerful concept of self learning used by Tony Robbins.Referenceshttp//www.tonyrobbins.com/solutions/EventsDetail.aspx?ProductID=640

Key Theories Of Desistance From Crime Criminology Essay

key out Theories Of Desistance From Crime Criminology EssayWhen a turn is qualified to ensure the doings that characterizes his or her abomin qualified activities, the bit-by-bit process involved is what is termed as desistance. Apart from the circumstance that it has unimaginative applications for probation workers with execr subject off completioners from the familiarity, desistance also has a heavy colligate and connexion in the rehabilitation of a criminal. in time, it is evident that theories of desistance when comp atomic human action 18d to the theories of the start of criminal behavior hold back non been amply exploreed on and expanded in the field of criminology (Smith, 2007). It is and so a good star sign when studies of desistance increase drastically especially since the last twenty years this has been particularly nonicecap able after the saying of the action caterpillar tread theory that was done by Sampson and Laub. But as Piquero (2004103) a pologizes, continued research has been alphaly affected by methodological and theoretical replications. more(prenominal)over, theorists in the field ease up not been able to be up with a universal exposition of desistance. Consequently this paper endeavors to create a workable definition of desistance and to further more than give a pre mountain of the updated main facts and theories of desistance.Understanding desistanceOxford Dictionary defines desistance as, to desist or to stop doing more or lessthing cease or abstain. Applying this definition to criminology is however a bit technical. The big question is usually astir(predicate) date, if a criminal is able to stop a certain criminal behavior for four weeks for archetype, is it worsen to classify him or her as an accomplished case of desistance? What is the recomwork forceded time for one to be sure that he or she is free from the wickedness? Developing a complete definition of desistance therefore becomes quite a n issue especially since it is not well understood whether or not relapse and recidivism be crucial in the report of desistance. The option of observing a criminals ultimo behavior to vanquish highlights his or her possible prox behavior is also still not well structured (LeBel et al, 2004). Laub and Sampson (2001) as a matter of fact defy that a definition of desistance piece of assnot be made, they upkeep that the questions in a particular research best deduce the definition of desistance for the researcher (cited in Maruna, 2006). According to Shadd Maruna, for a habitual offender, any recognizable time spent without doing any crime is called primary desistance.However studies on recidivism and relapse dismissnot be complete without an dodge of achieving long term desistance. Maruna goes on to therefore state that secondary desistance is when a criminal is able to potpourri his identity and take an approximately permanent direction to a lifespan free of the initial crime that was a norm in his behavior. Studying secondary desistance is important as it set abouts to understand how initial offenders can be able to keep a distance from their crimes. Desistance is therefore not the final resoluteness of the end of a crime it is actually the process that is gradual and continuous till the end result of thriving desistance. Sampson and Laub (2001) acknowledge that there is a huge difference between the stopping an offence and the continuous flip to a crime free lifestyle. They mark that as comp ard to theories of offending, desistance theories gull not yet been fully analyse and condoneed, however desistance is now understood as the procedure incumbent for acquiring an accomplished state of non-offence.It is important that a criminal who wants to channelize must be imparting to change his or her self identity and concept to be able to grasp the full context of change. Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) explain that on the contrary it is a com mon occurrence to mother ex-offenders who give birth undergone desistance commit early(a) acts of deviance, (cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 298). Desistance is therefore basically the mogul of a former criminal to be able to completely withdraw from a crime and to detect being in that state regardless of the contends involved when trying to keep away. Some of these challenges are drug abuse and addiction, unemployment, few academic opportunities, companionable pressure and return to environments with high crime order (Richards and Jones, 2004). race criminals are those who have been criminal offenders for a considerably long period of time (Maruna, 2001). According to Laub and Sampson (2003), charge criminals instead than small time offenders should be given more attention in researches on desistance. However an brisk(prenominal) study(ip) problem in the study of desistance is the availability of completely sure-fire offenders in desistance to the researchers in the f ield (Maruna, 2001 Burnett, 2004). Total desistance to many ex-offenders is quite a hard step as most of them usually end up going back to their initial criminal tendencies (Piquero, 2004).Addiction is a actually fundamental factor that is more a lot overlooked yet its contribution to the whole process of desistance has a major impact on the ability of a criminal to completely change. It is therefore important to understand the connection between the ii before arriving at a definition of desistance. From a number of researches it has been recognized that the link between addiction and criminal activities is actually concretely(prenominal) strong. A drug addict is therefore more desirely to eng time in crimes (Maruna, 2001). Moreover the cause of addiction and criminality are as a matter of fact very similar. Frisher and Beckett (2006141) institute that a large percentage of drug abusers are very active members in criminal gangs.Therefore, when defining desistance, it is nec essary to note that the complete resistance of both criminal offending and drug abuse must be realised (Maruna, 2001). To achieve the purpose of this paper desistance can be heard and defined as the initial process allowing quality desistance from drug abuse, criminality and otherwise(a) forms of deviance for an ex- criminal. Quality desistance in this case is the is the total termination of previous criminal behaviors together with other possible forms of deviance like drug abuse for at least ten years attach to by a change in the identity of an person.Desistance theoriesAgeingAge has been found to be a significant factor in criminology, as one fuck offs older it is noted that their level of criminality greatly reduces. (Smith, 2007 Sampson and Laub, 2003 Gluecks, 1943 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). In 2000 in the United Kingdom 19 year olds were found to have committed crimes fifty times more those which men o f over fifty years had committed. According to research the total lifespan of a criminal is usually general considering factors like early deaths, manacles and when a criminal is evolving to avoid being detected (Maruna, 2006).In a research of 411 criminal males in London, Farrington (1990) realized that as the criminals grew older, their crimes reduced greatly with time but this however depended on diametrical types of crimes (cited in Smith, 2007). For exercise, burglary is at its highest at age 20 while fraud and drug abuse offences record their highest at the age of 25 all the way to 30 as burglary bunchs on a steady decline afterwards. that for the brookent hard total criminals into their 70s, there was a clear connection between their age and their crime rates according to studies by Laub and Sampson (2003, 2005, 2005b). Furthermore they realized that alcohol and drug offences were their highest in the mid- thirties as compared to other offences. They finally came to a c onclusion that both age and the type of crimes affect the whole process of desistance as well. However there have been varied explanations to the not clear age crime curve. Developmental criminologists have been able to link the age of an offender and the capability of total desistance to childhood related issues. (Mulver et al, 1988 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 Nagin, 2005 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2005a) Offenders are therefore divided into two distinct groups, the immature and the persistent expectant offenders.As a result it will be evident that in their late teens the adolescents will be able to cock-a-hoop out of crime and will be able to work on their social circles basically collectible to their education and good social integration skills. The adult offender however will find it very hard to terminate deviancy due to unsuccessful births, academic prospects and also due to their low cognitive capabilities (Moffitt, 1993 1994 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). As a r esult of this theory, criminals are therefore grouped into two separate groups that are very different from each other due to childhood causes. And for any vista of desistance then one has to be in the right group. Sampson and Laub (2003 2005a 2005b) on the other hand are a suck upst that approach and explain that anyone can be successful in desistance irrespective of which group they fall in (2003179). According to them childhood factors of offence do not determine desistance but instead help to explain the whole process of desistance.Gottfredson and Hirschi have their views as well and point out that with the gradual process of growing old offenders usually find themselves stopping deviance (1995 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). They expound that for any organism there is always a stage of discontinuity that applies to criminology and the study of desistance and its links with age. Consequently, desistance becomes an expected phenomenon in the normal life of a criminal. Maruna ( 2001) however does not fully agree with this because according to him desistance, especially at the beginning, takes a huge amount of emotional, psychological and even physical hunting expedition and resources. Gluecks (1943) agrees with this too because he highlighted that desistance is from a change that comes with maturity, meaning, an offender gradually stops committing a crime (cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). This process is more practically testify after the age 25 when a criminal starts draining and gets less involved with crime. This theory however is not left out on the criticisms since it is claimed that it does not fully address the issue of age and its role in desistance (Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2003). Acknowledging that age is a significant factor in desistance, Sampson and Laub (1992) further argue that the importance of play points in life and social contacts is underestimated in the matu acute straighten (cited in Maruna, 2001). livelihood Course Theor yA significant study on 500 men up to the age of 32 was carried in the 1930s and 1940s by the Gluecks (1943 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a 2005b). Sampson and Laub later on in an impressive research followed up on 52 of these men and investigated on their criminal flight to the age of 70. They found out that the causes of desistance and persistence are actually opposites, namely, deliberately productive agency, establishment of limits in social relationships and organized routine activities (Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a 2005b 2006). Their finding indicated that job stability, military service and marriage were able to positively contribute to achieving desistance. These turning points were realized in the process of desistance whereby an offender seeks to start a reinvigorated life by changing repair or even starting a new job like entering the military for example. This however does not necessarily involve starting over, sometimes these offenders work to gain back and mai ntain their original contacts like a job or a marriage in their quest to stop their criminal tendencies. Whichever path desistance takes these turning points often lead toan elimination of the pastchance for the growth and development of new social contacts that have a positive effect on an individualtypes of direct and indirect evaluation and observance of characterplanned routines with a central concern to family rather than peers luck allowing for change in identity and development of new scripts of a new selfThese factors, they explain are true and are not affected by the type of marriage and the crime life of an individual , though informal, parenthood and cohabiting have also been linked to successful desistance (Sampson and Laub, 2006 Katz, 1999). Individuals with none of these social bonds are also more able to stop offending because in the end they do not recede anything. Rebecca Katz (199913) indicates that, families whitethorn play a significant role in developing desist ance since family influences self control and delinquency. Life course theory emphasizes on the strong influence of the social environment to offending explaining that absence of criminal peers reduces the chances of an individual ever engaging in offences and in the end positive attitudes favoring change will grow (Warr, 1998 cited in Sampson and Laub, 2003). Life Course Theory contradicts the link between developmental theories in criminal careers and desistance. It agrees that due date experiences are essential as well but to some point more significant in establishing the possible trajectory of desistance (2003).Circumstances, structural set-ups and personal choices all work together to promote desistance. The theme that desistance is a systematic process that continuously gets renewed, underestimates the importance of research on personal encouragement and the influence of social environment (Sampson and Laub, 2003171)AgencyYet another essential element that has been pointed o ut as key in achieving successful desistance is agency. (Burnett, 2004 Maruna, 2001 McNeill, 2006 Maguire et al, 2006 Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2005 a). The theory of rational offence understands the fact that a criminal is able to drag decisions base on his judgment of what is good or bad according to him in his crime life. Agency therefore works hand in hand with rational choice in the key decision do processes of a criminal. Agency is important since it assists in the overall process of making a rational choice. Furthermore, when the contradictory prototypes of criminal activities are considered together with financial and familial challenges most criminal encounter the theory of rational choice cannot by its own back up volitions to desist (Burnett, 2004 Sampson and Laub, 2005b). In their study of the Gluecks men Sampson and Laub (2005a) observed that agency was a necessary component in the process of desistance. There is more to the structural support in the process o f desistance, agency is required to offer the determination and persistence part of the equation. Agency determines the will to keep moving on and only those who are persistent will be able to suffice the whole process. Measuring the determination and charge to persist the whole process of desistance is quite a challenge and as a result creates yet another crucial factor in the concept of turning points (Maruna, 2001) (Sampson and Laub, 2005a177). Moreover it is a quintessential component in the study of desistance and persistence in a criminal career that has however not been fully researched to date. In their research of the life course theory Sampson and Laub plead that they have been seeking to explain the importance of the human agency as an aid in concord desistance and other deviance forms (2003177).Knifing off ones past, has come out to be a vital element to describe the ability to be able to accomplish a successful desistance for some individuals. To achieve this volunta rily, agency is necessary since it is one of the most difficult things to do and needs a lot of determination. It is a process that is more often accompanied by cutting all past contacts and establishing new ones for example geographical location and family. Most importantly though, Maruna et al (2006a) explained that it can as well involve change from the inside, or a change in the way the offender thinks about him or herself, their past, and their environment. It is this positive change that motivates an offender to persist on and maintain desistance for longer (Maruna, 2001 Sampson and Laub, 2003 2005a Maguire et al, 2006).Contemplation time was found to be a crucial implication that assisted in creating a turning point to desistance according to a study by Margaret Hughes (1998). And it was found that the opportunity to contemplate came as a result of a change in geographical location, imprisonment and residential treatment programmes. Hughes participants found their desire to change develop when they removed from the usual environments and being able to get ample time for self actualization.Social identityResearchers have tried to explain the phenomenon whereby some individual are able to sustain long term resistance while others do not, and it has been spy that apart from agency, an individuals self identity change is similarly necessary. When an offender creates a a different set of effects and perspective chances of maintaining desistance are unremarkably guaranteed to some point (Burnett, 2004). That is why programs like the cognitive behavioral therapy and the 12 step that work to develop a change in personal identity are advocated for during incarceration (Maruna, 2001).Each and every individual, whether an ex-offender, offender or normal citizen has a unique self identity with which their actions are guided upon, it is therefore as a result of this mechanisms that give people the different circumstances they exist in. The importation of chang e in a criminal life is often subjectified by self- tales (McNiell, 2006). More often though not a fact self storeys have been of assistance when people seek to explain their actions. communicatorys very often change throughout the life course and understanding narratives, helps individuals realize the significance of past and fall in events in our lives (Sampson and Laub, 2005a).In a desistance study in Liverpool, Shadd Maruna investigated the different self narratives of two distinct groups of offenders whereby one persisted and the other desisted, to account for the changes in ex-offender identities (Maruna, 2001). He was able to find out that both the desisting and persistent criminals actually had more or less the same constitution attributes and were not as concurring(a) and conscious as the general population. Self-narratives are the only components that divided the two groups after thorough interviews. energetic offenders had what Maruna called a, condemnation script (2001), meaning, they saw life as an unfortunate abyss of hostility and uncertainty. They conceptualized that circumstances had pushed them to their present situation and there was nothing they could do to change things and that the authority pushed them even further away. Desisting ex-offenders on the other hand had a positive outlook on their past and present and this is what assisted them to continue with their desistance process. It is this self-narrative that may be the tool needed for successful desistance.The past and present life of an ex-offender is often different and this is almost basically due to the self narrative (Maruna et al, 2007). This self narrative attaches a psychological component to the real facts of the past and creates a purpose and meaning in the life of an offender. This is what brings about the positive outlook and assists in achieving desistance. In a study focused completely on religious changes of rehabilitated offenders, Maruna et al discovered that their self-narrative was interestingly altered after changing their religious beliefs (Maruna et al, 2006b). As a result the importance of this self narrative is once more highlighted as it helps an offender realize that the past can be changed and that the future has a hope even for those in long sentences. The offender is therefore able to have a new sense of identity, empowerment, purpose and forgiveness.The self narratives of most offenders in the desisting group have a common typical Maruna describes as, the redemption script (2001). This is basically the belief that an offender is a good person and that his or her past was merely as a result of circumstances of crime, recidivism and addiction. As a result of this, the offenders are able to endeavor to live new lives as they continue in with their desistance. They are then able to view themselves as role models with the necessary knowledge and experience to advice and educate the next generations, something Maruna calls, Mak ing Good. The major difference therefore between the desisting offenders and the persistent ones is the positive energy they surround themselves with.Confidence and self belief are as a result pointed out to be essential qualities as they guide an offender to understand that their past was a necessary component for them to be where they are at the present. This redemptive narrative helps them realize that they are not their past and that their future is what that matters. The acknowledgement of a supreme power beyond them has also been a contributing factor in the lives of these offenders. This is because they realize that their past might have been a plan to give them the positions they hold in the present, like being counselors and youth leaders. This moral superiority and change from the past, according to Maruna, is to make up for long stretches of lost life.During desistance according to Stephen Farrall some offenders undergo long periods of creating new social identities (2006 85). However much these offenders change, it is not forgotten that they acknowledge they are responsible for their criminal past. Ideologies that ex-offenders get hold responsibility and burden from their past crimes are actually not evidenced by researches (Maruna, 2007). Successful offenders in desistance often admit to the guilt of their past but they however rationalize their actions and justify or level themselves and accept that circumstances might have pushed them to criminality. Sometimes however they do not accept their actions and believe that the partnership pushed them to crime. This however does not cultivate the necessity of an ex-offender to acknowledge the wrongs from past life rather than lay blame on the society and the initial environment (Maruna, 2001).The Liverpool Desistance Study prove that a concurrent peculiar(prenominal) of the redemption script is an offender accepting to take control of changing his future however they do not acknowledge their past c rimes. However a concurrent observation is made that most candidates of successful desistance accept responsibility for their past and future and have the will to persist the challenges they will face. Maruna (200188) consequently gives the succinct of the desisting persons narrative asdevelopment of inner beliefs that truly describes an individuals personalitya positive look at an individuals capability of changing in the futurethe purpose driven enthusiasm of giving back to the community particularly the next generationLife-Course-Persistent and Moffit Adolescence Deviance Groups of DevelopmentMoffitts (1993) concept of dual taxonomy of offending similarly tries to explain the processes of desistance and persistence. Moffitt (ibid) outlined that offenders can be grouped into two adolescent limiteds and life persisters. Moffitt proposes that the two groups are different and unique from each other in their offence and desistance processes, with the life course persisters having a d ifferent aetiology to the adolescent limited offenders. It is explained that they may be suffering neurological problems that affects their cognitive and learning skills. This is therefore evidenced by poor social skills even in the family leading to the various forms of anti social behavior and poor self control Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). Early signs of antisocial behavior are a common characteristic of life course persisters (for example under-age drinking, premarital sex) as a result they are often excommunicated from their initial societal setting because of poor behavior, development and social bonds. Early signs of antisocial behaviors like these are normally a clear indication of a persistent criminal career in the future. This will be in connection to the age graded theory meaning there patterns of crime will be different and theirs will be a continuous cycle of events of affected marriages, work, education and relationships.Moffitt continues to argue that adolescent l imited are not affected by any neurological problems like life course persisters and are able to successfully develop their social networks and cognitive skills. Therefore the causal factors for their criminality are connected to the gap between social development, age and desires. Age for example prevents them from engaging in adult behavior like sex or drinking. As a result of deviance from their desires, they tend to touch base with the life course persister leading to the growth of their deviance. However, due to their true social skills and academic success they are likely to be able to change more easily if they choose desistance. This is because they will be able to depend on their strong social bonds for support.Maruna (cited Laub Sampson 2001) explains that as a result of giving more reference book to dispositional rather than personality traits, the proper steps involved in discovering the consistency of criminality is achieved. Sampson and Laub note that when personal ity traits do not change gradually with time people are still more often capable of making a change. Researchers therefore have to examine other factors influencing personalities like personal strategies and self-perceptions Maruna (cited ibid).Narrative scriptThere are two distinct narrative script types in the desistance literature that highlight how criminals really view themselves and their societal roles.For the persisters their script usually has a concurrent theme of condemnation. More often they blame international conditions like poor family relations and lack of education for their criminality. They generally have an external locus of control.In contrast the offenders who finally become successful in desistance have a redemption script. They are complete opposites of the latter and are fully responsible for their actions. As a result they make a positive choice to stop the crime by accepting rehabilitation programmes. They are depict to have an internal locus of control. Factors that influence the particular narrative script that gets adopted by a criminal are majorly internal factors such as personality and genetics especially after rehabilitation. A higher chance of a redemptive script is noted to be as a result of intense rehabilitation.A probation workers relationship with an offender has also been linked to affect desistance. It is there important for these officers to have empathy skills that are crucial in the process of guiding an offender to desistance as they strive to be able to re-integrate back into the society.Relevance of desistance theoryThe desistance theory is relevant in a number of different utilise and academic professions. The desistance theory to researchers may provide a foundation to be able to examine the different factors that contribute to the cessation of a criminal offence from a theoretical view. The desistance theory allows for a number of different crimes in history and their approaches like the Lombrosian biologic al positivism, to have consideration in the present society which has an evident difference in its ways of thinking. As a result criminology is more understood and its relationship with other disciplines like psychology, politics and social policy acknowledged. This will consequently allow the development of collaborationism for a positive cause of reducing re offence rates.The desistance theory on a practical level has assisted the criminal justice system (CJS) to identify possible solutions to cases of reoffending of successful candidates of desistance through for example initiating community based sentences. This kind of programme is sure to gradually decrease the number of criminals in HM Prison Service institutions for short periods.Studies have shown that short-term sentences in prisons for example (those for less than six months) often lead to increased crime rates after release. This is well explained by the fact that these short-term prisoners to not undergo complete metam orphosis from not covering all the rehabilitation programs. Their exposure to the hard core criminals in the prisons who have been there for longer and have been experienced criminals also contributes to their overall change.In sum total desistance theory assists in the continuous development of training programmes for the respective professionals responsible for working with ex-offenders in the community. For example the Probation Service (see Narrative script section, above).ControversiesIt is important for the general public to realize that desistance is achievable and takes time. Offenders should therefore not be viewed as bad people who cannot live with others even after rehabilitation programs. The public is therefore advised not to discriminate these groups of people in their society.Reintegration cases of offenders back into the society have always caused wide outrages by a large percentage of the public community. There are numerous related cases of such circumstances tha t have often been quite difficult and delicate to handle. For example in 2011, the case of the reintegration of Jason Owen, he had been imprisoned for allegedly taking part in the killing of Baby P (Peter Connelly) in 2007, and in 2011 he was the released after his sentence was over. The Sun report immediately kicked off a campaign to find him. Readers were urged to write and report to the passwordpaper of any knowledge of his whereabouts. There was an article in the same newspaper that sent sentiments of outrage over the fact that the ex-convict had actually tried to find a job.This is a clear indication of how the effort of successful psychological research can be nullified by news reports in the popular media. This kind of outrageous reporting is especially a common characteristic of mainsheet newspapers. Their influence over the public is often impressive and they are as a result able to manipulate and affect the attitudes of the wider public towards their view of desistance a nd offenders. As a result of this, future recidivism is often developed gradually due to the ill-informed public. Newspapers then use this recidivism as proof of their initial correctness.Conclusion